Solving Environmental Problems through Engineering

Notes

¹ Hirano and Suzuki, “Exposure, Metabolism, and Toxicity of Rare Earths and Related Compounds.”

² (Navarro & Zhao, 2014, p.3)

³ Van Gosen et al., “Rare-Earth Elements, Chap. O of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States-Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply.”

⁴ Gibson and Parkinson, “Once Ignored on the Periodic Table, Don’t Ignore Them Now.”

⁵ Liang, Li, and Wang, “State of Rare Earth Elements in Different Environmental Components in Mining Areas of China.”

⁶ Guinee and Heijungs, “An Overview of the Life Cycle Assessment Method-Past, Present, and Future.” (p.17)

⁷ Shaked and Jolliet, “Global Life Cycle Impacts of Consumer Products” (p.1004).

⁸ Jolliet et al., “Life-Cycle Analysis of Biodegradable Packing Materials Compared with Polystyrene Chips: The Case of Popcorn.”

⁹ Shaked and Jolliet, “Global Life Cycle Impacts of Consumer Products” (p.1004).

¹⁰ Weidema, “The Product, Functional Unit and Reference Flows in LCA Introduction to the Series.” (p.13)

¹¹ Tharumarajah and Koltun, “Cradle to Gate Assessment of Environmental Impact of Rare Earth Metals.”

¹² Navarro and Zhao, “Life-Cycle Assessment of the Production of Rare-Earth Elements for Energy Applications: A Review.”

¹³ Shaked and Jolliet, “Global Life Cycle Impacts of Consumer Products.”

¹⁴ Guinee and Heijungs, “An Overview of the Life Cycle Assessment Method-Past, Present, and Future.” (p. 22)

¹⁵ Guinee and Heijungs. (p.26)

¹⁶ Navarro and Zhao, “Life-Cycle Assessment of the Production of Rare-Earth Elements for Energy Applications: A Review.”

¹⁷ Vodyanitskii, “Geochemical Fractionation of Lanthanides in Soils and Rocks: A Review of Publications.”

¹⁸ Van Gosen et al., “Rare-Earth Elements, Chap. O of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States-Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply.”

¹⁹ Ali, “Social and Environmental Impact of the Rare Earth Industries.”

²⁰ Van Gosen et al., “Rare-Earth Elements, Chap. O of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States-Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply.”

²¹ Ali, “Social and Environmental Impact of the Rare Earth Industries.”

²² Ives, “Boom in Mining Rare Earths Poses Mounting Toxic Risks - Yale E360.”

²³ Van Gosen et al., “Rare-Earth Elements, Chap. O of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States-Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply.”

²⁴ Pitron, “Dirty Metals: Digging Deeper into the Energy Transition.”

²⁵ Tharumarajah and Koltun, “Cradle to Gate Assessment of Environmental Impact of Rare Earth Metals.”

²⁶ Dhaliwal, “LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT.”

²⁷ Scheyder, “California Rare Earths Miner Races to Refine amid U.S.-China Trade Row - Reuters.”

²⁸ Graedel et al., “What Do We Know about Metal Recycling Rates?”

²⁹ Binnemans et al., “Recycling of Rare Earths: A Critical Review.”

³⁰ Jones et al., “Enhanced Landfill Mining in View of Multiple Resource Recovery: A Critical Review.”

³¹ Binnemans et al., “Recycling of Rare Earths: A Critical Review.”

³² Binnemans et al., “Recycling of Rare Earths: A Critical Review.”