Notes
1. Riva Siegel, She the People: The Nineteenth Amendment, Sex Equality, Federalism, and the Family (Harvard Law Review, 2002), 949
2. Norma Johnston, Remember the Ladies: The First Women's Rights Convention (New York: Scholastic), 6
3. Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement/1890-1920 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company), 2
4. Ellen Carol DuBois, Feminism & Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848-1869 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978) 19-21
5. Ibid., 24
6. Ibid., 18
7. Ibid., 22
8. Ibid., 47
9. Johnston, 78. Sometimes history is unclear because it is not recorded at the time of an event. This is true about the first day of the Seneca Falls Convention. It had been advertized in the newspapers that only women should attend on Wednesday, July 19, 1848, the opening day of the convention, but when the Motts, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Martha Wright and others arrived at the church, there were already men seated in the church. It was determined that the men could stay and James Mott, Lucretia Mott's husband, was called by the women to the altar presumably to preside.
10. DuBois, as cited in W.E.B. Du Bois, The Crisis Vol4 (June1912), 76-77, Angela Y. Davis, Women, Race & Class (New York: Vintage Books a Division of Random House, 1981), 76
11. DuBois, 52
12. Ibid., 54
13. Ibid., 53
14. Ibid., 55
15. DuBois, 67
16. Ibid., 68
17. Ibid., 69
18. Ibid., 60
19. Ibid., 162
20. Ibid.,166
21. DuBois, 200
22. Kraditor, 8
23. Ann Bausum, With Courage and Cloth: Winning the Fight for a Woman's Right to Vote (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2004), 86
24. Reva Siegel, 1012
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Mindstreaming is activity used to activate prior knowledge or build background. This activity is used in the Project CRISS (Creating Independence through Student-owned Strategies) professional development trainings.
29. A "T" chart is a quick strategy to reinforce expected behaviors during an activity or strategy completion. The teacher draws a vertical line on the board, then at about two inches from the top of the line draw a horizontal line across and through the vertical line. This will form a "T". Draw an eye at the top of the left-hand column and an ear at the top of the right-hand column. Then elicit from the students what active nonverbal listening looks like and sounds like. Write their responses in the appropriate column. They have now set the ground rules and you can refer to the rules throughout the strategy lesson. This is a great strategy to help with classroom management.
30. Think-Pair-Share is a powerful discussion strategy credited to Kagan, 1982.
31. Cooperative learning is researched through Kagan. Jigsaw groups, according to Aronson, 1978, require students to meet with other in order to become experts on a specific topic and then return to their home base group to teach the others about his specific topic. All students are required to learn all information. The cooperative learning in this unit is a modification of jigsaw groups and is fully explained in the text under the activities.
32. See Project CRISS
33. Hoffman 1979 first discussed Intra-Act strategy.
34. Harvey & Goudvis 192
35. RAFT was originally conceived by Nancy Vandevanter in 1982 during the Montana Writing Project. This activity is used in the Project CRISS (Creating Independence through Student-owned Strategies) professional development trainings.
36. DuBois 67, 68, and 69. The excerpts for the Intra-act strategy were taken from Feminism & Suffrage at my discretion. A teacher using the Intra-act strategy may select any text she feels will serve the purpose of the strategy. I have included these passages as an example. After printing and enlarging the excerpts, students will be able to read and respond to them through discussions and the game sheet provided with the Intra-act directions in the appendices.
37. Ibid., 166-67
38. Ibid., 174-175
39. This cartoon is courtesy of the Library of Congress. It was originally published before 1910. The original copyright is E.W. Gustin July7, 2009stin
40. This is just one of many articles that were retrieved, on July7, 2009, through a search of historical primary newspaper sources.
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