Notes
1. Sandburg, Carl. "Chicago Poems."Poetry, March 1914. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/ (accessed July 17, 2013).
2. This term is a colloquial one, although one of the earliest uses of this term—according to my friend, Complex Magazine staff writer David Drake—is likely by Chicago rapper Louis Johnson (aka King Louie) on his 2011 mixtape Chiraq Drillinois.
3. Roach, Joseph. "Pretty Ghost: On Dying While You Still Look Good." Lecture, Intensive Session from Yale National Initiative, New Haven, July 16, 2013.
4. Ibid.
5. Rich, Adrienne. ""Diving Into the Wreck"." InDiving Into the Wreck: Poems 1971 - 1972. Reiss. Norton paperback ed. New York: Norton, 1994.
6. Chicago Tribune. "Chicago Academy High School — Chicago Tribune 2012 Illinois School Report Cards." Chicago Tribune 2012 Illinois School Report Cards. http://schools.chicagotribune.com/school/chicago-academy-high-school_chicago (accessed July 31, 2013). This data is the most current official data complied by a third party (The Chicago Tribune), though it is old. This data, published in 2012, reflects school demographics from the 2011-12 school year.
7. Ibid.
8. Shakespeare, William. "Act 2, Scene 2." InHamlet. 1600. Reprint, Madison, WI: Cricket House Books, 2012. Lines 236-37.
9. "Interpretation - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary." Merriam-Webster Online. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interpretation (accessed July 16, 2013).
10. Donoghue, Denis. "What is Interpretation." In The Practice of Reading. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. 80.
11. Hirsch, E. D..The Aims of Interpretation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.
12. Wimsatt, William K., and Monroe C. Beardsley. "The Intentional Fallacy." In The Verbal Icon. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1954. 3-18.
13. Perrine, Laurence. "The Nature of Proof in the Interpretation of Poetry."The English JournalSeptember (1962): 393-98 http://www.en.utexas.edu/Classes/Bremen/e316k/316kprivate/scans/perrine.html (accessed July 8, 2013).
14. ISAT is an acronym that stands for Illinois Standard Achievement Test, which measures students' reading, mathematics, and science achievement. Students take this test in grades three through eight; however eighth grade is the last year in which students must hit specific achievement benchmarks in order to qualify for promotion.
15. Jaco, Ayesha, perf. "Ayesha Says."Food and Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album Part 1. Lupe Fiasco. 2012. MP3.
16. "Ethnoscape" is defined as "The landscape of persons who constitute the shifting world in which we live: tourists, immigrants, refugees, exiles, guestworkers, and other moving groups and persons constitute an essential feature of the world," in Appadurai, Arjun. "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy." www.intcul.tohoku.ac.jp/~holden/MediatedSociety/Readings/2003_04/Appadurai.html (accessed July 16, 2013).
17. Sandburg, Carl. "Chicago Poems."Poetry, March 1914. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/ (accessed July 17, 2013).
18. Doolittle, Hilda (H.D.). Collected Poems of H.D. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925.
19. Elbow, Peter. "The War between Reading and Writing: And How to End It."Rhetoric Review12, no. 1 (1993): 5-24. See also: Gallagher, Kelly.Deeper Reading: Comprehending Challenging Texts, 4-12. Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers, 2004.
20. Scholes, Robert. "Textuality and the Teaching of Reading." InEnglish After the Fall: From Literature to Textuality. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2011. 50-51.
21. Blau, Sheridan D. The Literature Workshop: Teaching Texts and Their Readers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003.
22. I am also very much indebted to Julie Price Daly, a colleague who is a literacy coach with the University of Chicago's Network for College Success. Julie was instrumental in developing the model of reading intervention used in the network of schools in which I teach and has been an invaluable coach as I have developed my practice as a teacher of reading.
23. Burton, Virginia Lee.The Little House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin co., 1942.
24. In particular, I am indebted to the work of Phillips Academy High School teacher Dr. Leah Guenther whose adaptation of Sheridan Blau's Reading Log Audit I have used so heavily.
25. I have seen this attributed to Russian Formalist Viktor Shklovsky; but, I am fairly certain sure someone else said it before him. Shklovsky is credited for coining the term defamiliarization in his 1925 essay "Art as Technique."
26. Koch, Kenneth. Rose, Where Did You Get That Red? Teaching Great Poetry to Children. 1st ed. New York: Random House, 1973.
27. Roberts, Terry, and Laura Billings. The Paideia Classroom: Teaching for Understanding. Larchmont, N.Y.: Eye on Education, 1999.
28. Books, Gwendolyn. ""We Real Cool"." Poetry, September 1959. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/ (accessed July 17, 2013).
29. The idea of "thinning" gin is commonly accepted as diluting gin with water, or—as Paul Fry has suggested—possibly with cheaper, yet more lethal grain alcohol. Either way, students have to move beyond the literal into a more figurative interpretation of the word.
30. Wright's urban haiku so often contain these contrasting images that they are referred to as "senryu"—short poems, often dark or satirical, that are usually focused on humanity rather than on the natural world of haiku.
31. Wright, Richard. Haiku: This Other World, ed. Richard, Yoshinobu Hakutani, and Robert L. Tener. New York: Arcade Pub. :, 1998. Wright wrote an extensive collection of haiku during the last two years of his life. A small portion of his haiku can be found in this book. The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University holds a more expansive collection of the poetry—most never published—along with a collection of manuscripts, letters, photographs, and other items from Wright's estate.
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