Contemporary American Indian History

CONTENTS OF CURRICULUM UNIT 16.01.06

  1. Unit Guide
  1. Introduction
  2. Background
  3. Strategies and Activities
  4. Conclusion
  5. Bibliography
  6. Endnotes

Relationships of African Americans and Creeks in Oklahoma to 1936

Patricia Leann Delancey

Published September 2016

Tools for this Unit:

Bibliography

Chang, David A. The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma, 1832-1929. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2010. Excellent work on pre-Civil War to Early Oklahoma statehood that focuses on allotment, and how the division of land divided the people.

Dawes, Henry L. Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Board of Indian Commissioner, 1897, (Washington DC: Government Printing office, 1898). This report includes an introduction given to the members of the commission on their task. I will use a quote from this report in the document based analysis project that the students will do.

Deloria, Vine. Custer Died For Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto. New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1969. I will use the beginning of the chapter called "The Red and The Black" as an introduction to the American Indian Movement and its relationship to the Civil Rights movement.

Department of the Interior of the United States. Five Civilized Tribes of Oklahoma: Reports of the Department of the Interior and Evidentiary Papers in Support of Senate Bill 7625. Washington D.C. April 22, 1912. This report gives the history of both the Dunn Roll and the Dawes Roll and how it impacted the Five Tribes in Oklahoma.

Indian-Pioneer Papers Collection. 1939 https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer (accessed July 17, 2016). An extentive searchable collection of interviews done as part of a Works Progress Administration project.  The interviews are not transcibed as taken; they are summaries based on the interviews.

Meriam, Lewis. The Problem with Indian Administration. 1928. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED087573.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016). The report can be a source for primary quotes or readings. However, since it is almost 900 pages, it might be best to use a search engine to find excerpts.

Miles, Tiya, and Sharon Patricia Holland. Crossing Waters, Crossing Worlds: The African Diaspora in Indian Country. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006. A collection of essays about African and Indians in Oklahoma. It came about after the "Eating Out of the Same Pot" Dartmouth Conference of 2004.

Muscogee Creek Nation. Muscogee (Creek) Nation. n.d. http://www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov/ (accessed July 17, 2016). The Muscogee Nation's website has a short basic history and links to events and activities of the Nation. It also explains the requirements for citizenship and the process to seek citizenship.

Muscogee Nation. "Constitution of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation." Native American Constitution and Law Digitization Project. 1979. http://thorpe.ou.edu/constitution/muscogee/ (accessed July 17, 2016). The Supreme Court case Harjo v Kleppe said that the Muscogee Nation was never actually disbanded by the termination policies and therefore was free to rewrite their constitution, which they did in 1979.

O'Dell, Larry. "All-Black Towns." Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. 2009. http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entryname=ALL-BLACK%20TOWNS (accessed July 17, 2016). This is a good article about the history of All-Black Towns in Oklahoma and introduces the idea that Oklahoma played a unique part in US history because many African Americans were able to find refuge there.

Oklahoma Historical Society. Dawes Rolls. 1906. http://www.okhistory.org/research/dawes (accessed July 17, 2016). This is an online searchable index of names of the Dawes Roll.

Oklahoma History Center. "All-Black Towns of Oklahoma - Town Map." All-Black Towns of Oklahoma - Town Map. 2011. http://www.okhistory.org/historycenter/blacktowns/allblacktownsmap.php (accessed July 17, 2016). Since only 13 of these towns still exist today, this historical map of the All-Black towns will be important for students to understand how the Black Belt was formed and what role it played in US history.

Rader, Brian F. "Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act." Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. 2009. http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OK059. (accessed July 17, 2016). Rader's explaination of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act does a good job of differentiating it from the larger Indian Organization Act. But it does not explain that it actually protected Oklahoma Indians from Public Law 280 and termination policies.

Saunt, Claudio. Black, White, and Indian: Race and the Unmaking of an American Family. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. The book is one of the foundational texts of the unit and will be cited to the students. It tells the story of the Grayson family from its origins to modern day interviews with members across Oklahoma.

Strickland, Rennard. The Indians in Oklahoma. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980. The book is part of a series produced by the University of Oklahoma Press to explore the contributions of different minority groups to Oklahoma history. Even though it is dated, it provides insight to the Native American communities in the1970s when they were undergoing reorganization and renewal.

Wilkinson, Charles F. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York: Norton, 2006. Wilkinson's work does not pertain directly to my unit, but it does cover the later years of the American Indian's resurgence.

Woodward, Thomas Simpson. Woodward's Reminiscences of the Creek or Muscogee Indians : Contained in Letters to Friends in Georgia and Alabama. Montgomery, Alabama: Barrett & Wimbish, book and general job printers, 1859. Woodward was an Indian agent and trader in the Alabama area around the time of Indian removal. His work is the source of information about a lot of "life on the frontier" stories, including the story of Ketch.

Zellar, Gary. African Creeks: Estelvste and the Creek Nation. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. One of the foundational texts of the unit, Zellar's work in the history of African Creeks is the source of many of the quotes for student analysis and introduced so much more than I could cover in this unit.

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