Notes
1 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 203-204.
2 From the documentary I am Not Your Negro, from James Baldwin’s unfinished book “Remember This House”
3 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 93.
Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 29.
4 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 88.
Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 74.
5 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 178.
6 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 177.
7 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 197.
8 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), xiii.
9 These questions were part of every seminar conversation we had. Seminar led by David Engerman.
10 Bernice Lerner, “Why Teach Biography?” Education Week 24, no. 27 (2005): 37.
11 Bernice Lerner, “Why Teach Biography?” Education Week 24, no. 27 (2005): 37.
12 From a YNI lecture by Daniel Martinez Hosang.
13 Bernice Lerner, “Why Teach Biography?” Education Week 24, no. 27 (2005): 37.
14 Bayard Rustin’s term.
15 Joan W. Scott, “The Evidence of Experience,” Critical Inquiry 17, no. 4 (1991): 794.
16 Joan W. Scott, “The Evidence of Experience,” Critical Inquiry 17, no. 4 (1991): 795.
17 Giovanni Levi, “On Microhistory,” in New Perspectives on Historical Writing, ed. Peter Burke (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 110.
18 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 620.
19 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 139.
20 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 161.
21 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 163.
22 Giovanni Levi, “On Microhistory,” in New Perspectives on Historical Writing, ed. Peter Burke (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 106.
23 Sam Wineburg, Why Learn History (When It’s Already on Your Phone) (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2018), 176.
24 Giovanni Levi, “On Microhistory,” in New Perspectives on Historical Writing, ed. Peter Burke (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 108.
25 Thomas De Pietro, “Vision and Revision in the Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass,” CLA Journal 26, no. 4 (1983): 393.
26 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 1.
27 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 126.
28 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 103.
29 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 29.
30 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 26.
31 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 17.
32 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 31-32.
33 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 2.
34 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 159.
35 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 4.
36 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 14.
37 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 146.
38 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 145.
39 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 146.
40 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 14.
41 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 46.
42 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 162.
43 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 75.
44 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 16.
45 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 30-31.
46 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 5.
47 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 17.
48 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 18.
49 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 18.
50 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 19.
51 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 20.
52 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 139.
53 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 169.
54 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 219.
55 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 216.
56 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 128.
57 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 21.
58 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 202.
59 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 22.
60 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 23.
61 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 275.
62 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 23.
63 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 23.
64 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 24.
65 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 24.
66 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 26.
67 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 27.
68 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 32.
69 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 178.
70 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 128.
71 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 135.
72 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 36.
73 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 38.
74 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 38.
75 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 40.
76 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 236-237.
77 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 242.
78 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 246.
79 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 48.
80 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 247.
81 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 46.
82 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 75.
83 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 56.
84 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 47.
85 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 45.
86 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 51.
87 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 84-85.
88 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 181.
89 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 49.
90 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 49.
91 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 51-52.
92 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 52.
93 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 64.
94 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 144-145.
95 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 70.
96 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 73.
97 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 75.
98 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 79.
99 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 88.
100 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 93.
101 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 86.
102 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 85.
103 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 85.
104 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 83.
105 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 89.
106 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 57, 61.
107 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 67.
108 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 139.
109 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 139.
110 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 139-140.
111 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 70.
112 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 69.
113 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 63.
114 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 89.
115 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 86.
116 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 92.
117 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 93.
118 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 96-97.
119 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 98.
120 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 92.
121 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 204-205.
122 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 205.
123 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 92.
124 Sharon Crowley, Toward a Civil Discourse: Rhetoric and Fundamentalism (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2006), 198-201.
125 Henry Jenkins, Mizuko Ito, and danah boyd, Participatory Culture in a Networked Era (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016), 22.
126 Lawrence Grossberg, “Is there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom,” The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 57.
127 Lawrence Grossberg, “Is there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom,” The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 60.
128 Lawrence Grossberg, “Is there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom,” The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 60.
129 Lawrence Grossberg, “Is there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom,” The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 61.
130 Lawrence Grossberg, “Is there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom,” The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 54.
131 Lawrence Grossberg, “Is there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom,” The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 55.
132 Lawrence Grossberg, “Is there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom,” The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 56-58.
133 Lawrence Grossberg, “Is there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom,” The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 59.
134 Lawrence Grossberg, “Is there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom,” The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 61.
135 Lawrence Grossberg, “Is there a Fan in the House?: The Affective Sensibility of Fandom,” The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 59.
136 Thomas De Pietro, “Vision and Revision in the Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass,” CLA Journal 26, no. 4 (1983): 384-396.
137 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 149.
138 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 152.
139 Thomas De Pietro, “Vision and Revision in the Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass,” CLA Journal 26, no. 4 (1983): 392.
140 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 204-207.
141 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 408-409.
142 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 436-437.
143 David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 363.
144 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 207.
145 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 260.
146 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 285.
147 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 125-126, 151-163.
148 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 126-128, 169-173.
149 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 158-159.
150 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 158.
151 Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith, introduction to Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity, ed. Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012), 4.
152 Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith, introduction to Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity, ed. Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012), 7-8.
153 Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith, introduction to Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity, ed. Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012), 6.
154 Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith, introduction to Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity, ed. Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012), 7.
155 Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith, introduction to Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity, ed. Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012), 5.
156 Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith, introduction to Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity, ed. Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012), 11.
157 Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith, introduction to Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity, ed. Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012), 11.
158 Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 186.
159 Loren Hanna, “Semiotics Lesson,” November 13, 2019, video, 10:33, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3XvJDxjIpU.
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