Notes
1 Dwyer Gunn, “How About a Universal Basic Income,” Pacific Standard, April 7, 2016, https://psmag.com/news/how-about-a-universal-basic-income.
2 Nathan Heller, “Who Really Stands to Win from Universal Basic Income?” The New Yorker, July 2, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/07/09/who-really-stands-to-win-from-universal-basic-income.
3 Charles Murray, “REVIEW --- A Guaranteed Income For All --- Replacing the Welfare State with an Annual Grant for Every U.S. Adult Is the Best Way to Cope with Job Displacement and to Revive Our Civic Culture, Argues Charles Murray,” Wall Street Journal, June 4, 2016.
4 Jordan Weissmann, “Martin Luther King's Economic Dream: A Guaranteed Income for All Americans,” The Atlantic, August 28, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/08/martin-luther-kings-economic-dream-a-guaranteed-income-for-all-americans/279147/.
5 Rutger Bregman, “The Bizarre Tale of President Nixon and His Basic Income Bill,” The Correspondent, May 17, 2016, https://thecorrespondent.com/4503/the-bizarre-tale-of-president-nixon-and-his-basic-income-bill/173117835-c34d6145.
6 Ben Mitchell, “The ‘Freedom Dividend’: Inside Andrew Yang's Plan to Give Every American $1,000,” CBS News, November 15, 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-freedom-dividend-inside-andrew-yangs-plan-to-give-every-american-1000/.
7 Robert B. Reich, “Barely Afloat in America,” New York Times, July 15, 2018.
8 “Universal Basic Income (UBI): The Definitive Guide,” GiveDirectly, accessed July 12, 2020, https://www.givedirectly.org/basic-income/.
9 Maxim Lott, “Paid to Quit? Backlash Builds against Unemployment Benefits on 'Steroids',” FOX News Network, April 9, 2020, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/paid-to-quit-backlash-builds-against-unemployment-benefits-on-steroids.
10 Heller, “Who Really Stands to Win from Universal Basic Income.”
11 Murray, “Replacing the Welfare State.”
12 Garrett Pelican, “Legislation proposes Paying Americans $2,000 a Month,” April 16, 2020, https://www.news4jax.com/news/national/2020/04/15/legislation-proposes-2000-a- month-for-americans/.
13 Pelican, “Legislation proposes Paying Americans $2,000 a Month.”
14 Reich, “Barely Afloat.”
15 “Rise of the Machines- Why Automation is Different This Time,” Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell, June 8, 2017.
16 Andrew Yang & Ben Shapiro, “The Ben Shapiro Show Sunday Special Ep. 45,” The Daily Wire, April 7, 2019, Video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DHuRTvzMFw&t=1264s.
17 Catherine Clifford, “Elon Musk: Free Cash Handouts 'Will Be Necessary' If Robots Take Humans' Jobs,” CNBC, June 18, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/18/elon-musk-automated-jobs-could-make-ubi-cash-handouts-necessary.html.
18 Michalis Nikiforos, Marshall Steinbaum, and Gennaro Zezza, “Modeling the Macroeconomic Effects of a Universal Basic Income,” Roosevelt Institute, August 2017, https://rooseveltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Modeling-the-Macroeconomic-Effects-of-a-Universal-Basic-Income.pdf.
19 Reich, “Barely Afloat.”
20 Andrew Yang, “Human-Centered Capitalism,” Yang2020, accessed July 12, 2020, https://www.yang2020.com/policies/human-capitalism/.
21 Mitchell, “The ‘Freedom Dividend’: Inside Andrew Yang's Plan to Give Every American $1,000.”
22 Murray, “Replacing the Welfare State.”
23 Heller, “Who Really Stands to Win from Universal Basic Income.”
24 Clifford, “Elon Musk: Free Cash Handouts 'Will Be Necessary' If Robots Take Humans' Jobs.”
25 Reich, “Barely Afloat.”
26 EconClips, “Universal Basic Income Pros and Cons UBI.”
27 Abhijit V. Banerjee, Rema Hanna, Gabriel E. Kreindler, and Benjamin A. Olken, “Debunking the Stereotype of the Lazy Welfare Recipient: Evidence from Cash Transfer Programs,” Oxford University Press, August 30, 2017.
28 Murray, “Replacing the Welfare State.”
29 Chris Weller, “Iran Introduced a Basic Income Scheme, and Something Strange Happened,” World Economic Forum, May 31, 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/05/iran-introduced-a-basic-income-scheme-and-something-strange-happened.
30 Yang & Shapiro, “The Ben Shapiro Show Sunday Special Ep. 45.”
31 Joe Rogan & Naval Ravikat, “Naval Ravikat: UBI is a Non-Solution to a Non-Problem,” JRE Clips, June 4, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHim7CMOZ6U.
32 Holder, Sarah, “Stockton's Universal Basic Income Pilot So Far,” Bloomberg, October 3, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-03/stockton-s-universal-basic-income-pilot-so-far.
33 Rogan & Ravikat, “UBI Is a Non-Solution to a Non-Problem.” Economists have also noted that certain jobs, by virtue of what they require, might never be automated (jobs that require interpersonal interaction, flexibility, adaptability, and problem solving). David Autor, “Why are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29, no. 3 (2015): 27.
34 Heller, “Who Really Stands to Win from Universal Basic Income.” Furthermore, under the Loss-Aversion theoretical framework, recipients of social welfare programs may be loath to give up their benefits, even if they were to receive the equivalent amount in cash. Shahram Heshmat, “What is Loss Aversion: Losses Attract More Attention Than Comparable Gains,” Psychology Today, March 8, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201803/what-is-loss-aversion.
35 Murray, “Replacing the Welfare State.”
36 Yang, “Human-Centered Capitalism.”
37 Mitchell, “The ‘Freedom Dividend’: Inside Andrew Yang's Plan to Give Every American $1,000.”
38 Heller, “Who Really Stands to Win from Universal Basic Income.”
39 Ugo Gentilini, Margaret Grosh, Jamele Rigolini, and Ruslan Yemtsov, “Exploring Universal Basic Income: A Guide to Navigating Concepts, Evidence, and Practices,” World Bank, November 25, 2019.
40 Reich, “Barely Afloat in America.”
41 GiveDirectly,“Universal Basic Income (UBI): The Definitive Guide.”
42 Daniel Raventos and Julie Werk, “Why Don’t Trade Unions Support an Unconditional Basic Income (Precisely When They Should?)” Counterpunch, January 11, 2017, https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/01/11/why-dont-trade-unions-support-an-unconditional-basic-income-precisely-when-they-should/. This tendency of Unions to dislike the idea of UBI is not just limited to the United States. In Europe, Finland’s largest trade Union, SAK, commented in 2017 that UBI takes social policy in the wrong direction, and that it is “unworkable, uneconomical, and ultimately useless.” Raine Tiessalo, “Universal Basic Income ‘Useless,’ says Finland’s Biggest Union,” The Independent, February 9, 2017, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/universal-basic-income-finland-useless-says-trade-uniona7571966.html.
43 Bourree Lam, “The Case for Unions to Support a Universal Basic Income,” The Atlantic, June 27, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/06/unions-and- ubi/488951/.
44 KELA, “Results of Finland's Basic Income Experiment: Small Employment Effects, Better Perceived Economic Security and Mental Wellbeing” June 5, 2020. https://www.kela.fi/web/en/news-archive/-/asset_publisher/lN08GY2nIrZo/content/results-of-the-basic-income-experiment-small-employment-effects-better-perceived-economic-security-and-mental-wellbeing.
45 KELA, “Results of Finland's Basic Income Experiment.”
46 Innovations for Poverty Action, “The Effects of a Universal Basic Income in Kenya,” April 17, 2020, https://www.poverty-action.org/study/effects-universal-basic-income- kenya.
47 Dylan Matthews, “A Charity Dropped a Massive Stimulus Package on Rural Kenya - and Transformed the Economy,” Vox, November 25, 2019, https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/11/25/20973151/givedirectly-basic-income-kenya-study-stimulus.
48 Weller, “Iran Introduced a Basic Income Scheme, and Something Strange Happened.”
49 Weller, “Iran Introduced a Basic Income Scheme, and Something Strange Happened.”
50 Weller, “Iran Introduced a Basic Income Scheme, and Something Strange Happened.”
51 Holder, “Stockton's Universal Basic Income Pilot So Far.”
52 Holder, “Stockton's Universal Basic Income Pilot So Far.”
53 Robyn Sundlee, “Alaska's Universal Basic Income Problem,” Vox, September 5, 2019, https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/9/5/20849020/alaska-permanent-fund- universal-basic-income.
54 Sundlee, “Alaska's Universal Basic Income Problem.”
55 Holder, “Stockton's Universal Basic Income Pilot So Far.”
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