Footnote
1 Alexander Hamilton. Federalist No 9 (1787).
2 James Madison. Federalist No. 10 (1787).
3 Robert Dahl and Ian Shapiro, On Democracy, p. 30.
4 Donald Trump speech.
5.http://www.esuhsd.org/Community/Strategic-Plan/index.html.
6 https://siliconvalleyindicators.org/data/governance/civic-engagement/partisan-affiliation/percentage-of-registered-voters-by-political-party/.
7 https://www.people-press.org/2015/04/07/a-deep-dive-into-party-affiliation/
8 College Board/AP Central.
9 The Constitution of the United States and the Declaration of Independence.
10 Sean Welentz. The Rise of American Democracy; Jefferson to Lincoln, p. 44-45.
11 Robert Dahl and Ian Shapiro, On Democracy, introduction.
12 Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalist, p. 489-499.
13 Proceedings of the National Democratic Convention, held in Baltimore, on the 5th of May, 1840.
14 Geoffrey Layman, The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics, p. 115, 119, 120.
15 Arlie Russel Hochschild. Strangers in their Own Land and Mourning on the American Right, p. 8.
16 Louis Bolce, Gerald De Maio, and Douglas Muzzio, p. 255-270.
17 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/.
18 Robert Dahl and Ian Shapiro, On Democracy, Introduction.
19 Frances McCall Rosenbluth and Ian Shapiro, Responsible Parties: Saving Democracy from Itself, p. 4.
20 Thom Fain.
21 Frances McCall Rosenbluth and Ian Shapiro, Responsible Parties: Saving Democracy from Itself, p. 97 and seminar lecture July 14, 2020.
22 Robert Dahl and Ian Shapiro, On Democracy, introduction.
23 Ian Shapiro, seminar lecture, July 14, 2020.
24 Goldberg, Jonah, The Hollowing Out of American Political Parties.
25 https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2018/03/20/1-trends-in-party-affiliation-among-demographic-groups/.
26 Ismail White and Chryl Laird. Steadfast Democracy: How Social Forces Shape Black Political Behavior, p. 24.
27 Arlie Russel Hochschild, p. 15.
28 Ismail White and Chryl Larid, 25.
29 https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/why-are-blacks-democrats.
30 Ismail K White and Chryl N Laird.
31 White and Laird.
32 Arlie Russel Hochschild. Strangers in their Own Land and Mourning on the American Right, p. 6.
33 https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/03/07/chapter-1-political-trends/.
34 https://news.gallup.com/poll/15370/party-affiliation.aspx
35 https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/essay/an-early-look-at-the-2020-electorate/.
36 https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2017/05/voting_in_america.html.
37 https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ab77daa3-5653-4c33-9f5b-dea2822add5a/jill-stein-and-the-role-of-third-party-candidates-in-presidential-elections-pbs-newshour/.
38 https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/07/27/could-third-parties-determine-this-election/third-party-candidates-need-to-get-on-the-debate-stage-to-make-a-difference.
39 https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/teaching-strategies/socratic-seminar.
40 https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/ap/2019-05/ap-us-government-and-politics-course-and-exam-description.pdf.
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