Notes
1 Richard Ostreicher, “Terence V. Powderly, the Knights of Labor, and Artisanal Republicanism,” in Labor Leaders in America, ed. Melvin Dubofsky and Warren Van Time, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 30-61.
2 Christopher Clark, et al, “Community and Conflict: Working People Respond to Industrial Capitalism, 1877—1893,” in Who Built America? Working People and the Nation’s History 1877 to the Present, (New York: Worth Publishers, 2000), 79.
3 Amanda Casper, “Row Houses,” last modified July 22, 2021, https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/row-houses/.
4 Amanda Casper, “Row Houses,” last modified July 22, 2021, https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/row-houses/.
5 Clark, et al, “Community and Conflict,” in Who Built America?, 76.
6 Clark, et al, “Community and Conflict,” in Who Built America?, 91.
7 Ostreicher, “Terence V. Powderly, the Knights of Labor, and Artisanal Republicanism,” in Labor Leaders in America, 36.
8 Ostreicher, 44.
9 Clark, et al, “Community and Conflict,” in Who Built America?, 92.
10 Clark, et al, 100.
11 Clark, et al, 101.
12 Ostreicher, “Terence V. Powderly, the Knights of Labor, and Artisanal Republicanism,” in Labor Leaders in America, 52.
13 “Against the Union Men: HC Frick Is Fighting the Amalgamated Association,” Chicago Daily Tribune (Chicago, IL), July 3, 1892.
14 Clark, et al, “Community and Conflict,” in Who Built America?, 112.
15 AFL-CIO, “1892 Homestead Strike,” last modified July 22, 2021, https://aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-events/1892-homestead-strike.
16 “Against the Union Men,” Chicago Daily Tribune, July 3, 1892.
17 Andrew G. Burgoyne, Homestead: A Complete History of the Struggle of July, 1892, between the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, and the Amalgamated Association of Iron Workers, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1893), 17-18.
18 Burgoyne, Homestead, 19-20.
19 Burgoyne, 19.
20 Burgoyne, 21-22.
21 Burgoyne, 63.
22 Burgoyne, 112.
23 Clark, et al, 101.
24 Christopher Clark, et al, “The Producing Classes and the Money Power - A Decade of Hard Times, Struggle, and Defeat 1893-1904,” in Who Built America? Working People and the Nation’s History 1877 to the Present, (New York: Worth Publishers, 2000), 158.
25 John Hepp, “Public Transportation,” last modified July 22, 2021, https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/public-transportation/.
26 Thomas Conway, Jr., “Street Railways in Philadelphia Since 1900,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, September 1904, 70-76.
27 Julianne Kornacki, “General Strike of 1910,” last modified July 22, 2021, https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/general-strike-of-1910/.
28 Edwin O. Lewis, “Philadelphia’s Relation to Rapid Transit Company,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 600-611.
29 John Reed, “Back of Billy Sunday,” Metropolitan Magazine, April 1915, 9.
30 Reed, 9.
31 Reed, 9.
32 Reed, 9.
33 Clark, et al, “Community and Conflict,” in Who Built America?, 86.
34 Kornacki, “General Strike of 1910.”
35 Kornacki, “General Strike of 1910.”
36 “All Philadelphia Unions Vote to Strike: Plan for Sympathetic Walkout Involving 125,000 Workers,” San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, CA), February 28, 1910.
37 “Day of Disorder in Philadelphia: Riots in Very Heart of City,” New York Tribune (New York, NY), March, 1910.
38 “Anarchy Chosen, Says Gompers: Labor Leader Discusses Philadelphia Strike,” The Atlanta Constitution (Atlanta, GA), March 6, 1910.
39 “Anarchy Chosen, Says Gompers,” March 6, 1910.”
40 “Industrial Unionism and the Philadelphia Streetcar Strike,” in New York Call, vol. 3, no. 158 (June 7, 1910), 1.
41 “Philadelphia in Grip of Sympathetic Strike; Thousands of Men Out: Labor Leaders Estimate that 75,000 Workmen Are Resting from Their Labors,” The Atlanta Constitution (Atlanta, GA) March 5, 1910.
42 “Few New Developments in Strike Situation as Peace Movement Marks Time,” Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia, PA) March 17, 1910.
43 Reed, “Back of Billy Sunday,” Metropolitan Magazine, 9.
44 Reed, 9.
45 “Philadelphia in Grip of Sympathetic Strike; Thousands of Men Out: Labor Leaders Estimate that 75,000 Workmen Are Resting from Their Labors,” The Atlanta Constitution.
46 “Philadelphia Rapid Transit: Earnings Show the Effect of the Strike of Last Spring,” Wall Street Journal (New York, NY), September 22, 1910.
47 Kornacki, “General Strike of 1910.”
48 “Company Accepts Philadelphia Car Strike Agreement: Men Are Expected to Return to Work Tomorrow Following Accession to Compromise at Session Today,” The Christian Science Memoir (Boston, MA), June 4, 1909.
49 Jeffrey Helgeson, “American Labor and Working-Class History, 1900-1945,” last modified July 22, 2021, https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-330.
50 Helgeson, “American Labor and Working-Class History, 1900-1945.”
51 Joe Biden: “Ordinary Middle-Class Americans Built America”, Politico, June 27, 2019, video, 1:28https://www.politico.com/video/2019/06/27/biden-2020-debate-068402.
52 Joe Biden: “Ordinary Middle-Class Americans Built America,” Politico.
53 Joseph R. Biden, “Workers in Alabama—and all across America—are voting on whether to organize a union in their workplace. It’s a vitally important choice—one that should be made without intimidation or threats by employers. Every worker should have a free and fair choice to join a union.” Twitter, February 28, 2021. https://twitter.com/potus/status/1366191901196644354.
Comments: