Notes
1 Heymann, Amelia et al. “Looking back: Stonewall Jackson statue removed from Richmond’s Monument Avenue one year ago today.” WRIC-TV [Richmond, VA]. 1 July 2021. https://www.wric.com/news/local-news/richmond/looking-back-stonewall-jackson-statue-removed-from-richmonds-monument-avenue-one-year-ago-today/. Accessed 17 July 2021.
2 The 1619 Project examines American history with a deeper emphasis on the impact of slavery and racism in the United States “What Trump is saying about 1619 Project, teaching U.S. history” PBS. 17 Sept. 2020. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/what-trump-is-saying-about-1619-project-teaching-u-s-history. Accessed 17 July 2021
3 Forman, Carmen. “Oklahoma Board of Education approves rules to limit classroom discussions on race, gender” The Oklahoman. 13 July 2021. https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/2021/07/12/oklahoma-ed-board-bans-critical-race-theory-certain-gender-teachings/7917847002/. Accessed 17 July 2021
4 Carrington, Ronald. “School officials, mayor tour progress of new River City Middle School.” Richmond Free Press. 9 July 2020. http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2020/jul/09/school-officials-mayor-tour-progress-new-river-cit/. Accessed 18 July 2021
5 “2020-2021 River City Middle School Quality Profile.” Virginia Department of Education. https://schoolquality.virginia.gov/schools/river-city-middle#fndtn-desktopTabs-enrollment Accessed 18 July 2021
6 Hall, "The long civil rights movement and the political uses of the past."
7 King, Martin Luther, Jr. Strive Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. Boston, Ma: Beacon Press, 1958. Print. 98-99
8 Wineburg, Why Learn History (When It's Already on Your Phone), 123-126.
9 Ibid, 107-108.
10 Ibid, 84, 128.
11 Hauck, Grace. “'A beacon to the world': One year after John Lewis' death, Navy christens ship in his honor” USA Today. 17 July 2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/07/17/john-lewis-navy-christens-ship-legacy-good-trouble-remembered/8002122002/. Accessed 18 July 2021.
12 Lewis, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement, 14-15.
13 Ibid, 36, 43-44, 46-48.
14 Ibid, 53.
15 Lewis notes that the Nashville Student Movement studied Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story: How 50,000 Negroes Found a New Way to End Racial Discrimination. Lewis also mentions that one of the members of the Greensboro sit-in read this comic and the comic resurfaced in Tahrir Square during the Arab Spring, as well. Ibid, 75, 80, 82.
Lewis, Across That Bridge: A Vision for Change and the Future of America, 82-83.
16 Zinn, SNCC: The New Abolitionists, 20.
17 Lewis, March: Book One, 88-105.
18 Zinn, SNCC: The New Abolitionists, 30-32.
19 Ibid, 29.
20 Lewis, Walking with the Wind, 107.
21 Ibid, 102-106.
22 Zinn, SNCC: The New Abolitionists, 22-23.
23 Lewis notes the mayor stated that desegregation was “up to the store managers.” A sympathetic local paper dropped this stipulation in its headline the following day. Lewis, Walking with the Wind, 110.
24 Lewis, March: Book One, 120-121.
25 Lewis, Walking with the Wind, 110-111.
26 Lewis, March: Book One, 121.
27 Matthews, The Richmond 34 and the Civil Rights Movement (Images of America), 7.
28 The 2/21/1960 edition includes one letter of support for the sit-ins from a reader. Richmond Times Dispatch, 21 February 1960, 5, 21.
29 Matthews, The Richmond 34, 66.
Richmond Times Dispatch, 23 February 1960, 1.
30 Richmond Times Dispatch, 23 February 1960, 1.
Richmond Times Dispatch, 23 February 1960, 4.
31 Richmond Times Dispatch, 24 February 1960, 1.
32 Richmond Times Dispatch, 24 February 1960, 14.
33 Matthews, The Richmond 34. 57, 61.
34 Jenkins, "Students picketing the stores.” Richmond Afro American. 27 February 1960, 1.
35 Jenkins, "Reason for arrests is ‘irrelevant’.” Richmond Afro American. 12 Mach 1960, 1.
“Southern students get wide support.” Richmond Afro American. 27 February 1960.
36 Matthews, The Richmond 34, 7, 71
37 Staples, “How the White Press Wrote Off Black America.”
"Our Past."
38 Thalhimers took minor steps towards integration including integrating the employee lunchroom in the 1950s according to the granddaughter. Kapsidelis, "1960 sit-in put Richmond on road to change."
39 Ruffin, “Working Together to Survive and Thrive: The Struggle for Black Lives Past and Present.”
40 Hall, "The long civil rights movement and the political uses of the past."
41 Olson, Mark. “Ending military segregation took an executive order from President Harry Truman.” National Guard. 5 February 2016. https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/650854/ending-military-segregation-took-an-executive-order-from-president-harry-truman/. Accessed 21 August 2021.
42 Branch, Chris. “Looking Ahead After Ferguson Protests: What Happens Next?” Huffpost. 2 December 2014. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ferguson-protests-end-goal_n_6256292. Accessed 21 August 2021.
43Blest, "Confederate Statues and Other Symbols of Racism All Over the Country Were Destroyed by Protesters This Weekend”
Heymann, Amelia, "Richmond leaders come together to discuss police violence at ‘Call to Action: Justice for All.’” WRIC [Richmond, VA]. 1 June 2020. https://www.wric.com/news/local-news/today-richmond-leaders-come-together-to-discuss-police-violence-at-call-to-action-justice-for-all/. Accessed 18 July 2021.
Joachim, Zach. "Columbus statue removed from lake Wednesday after it was torn down at Byrd Park late Tuesday.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. 9 June 2020. https://richmond.com/news/local/protesters-stand-in-solidarity-with-indigenous-peoples-at-byrd-park-where-columbus-statue-is-torn/article_8a009c9c-1c5d-5e2a-a3bf-0b015a8a2277.html. Accessed 18 July 2021.
44 King, Martin Luther. “I Have a Dream.” BBC. 21 Aug. 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3170387.stm. Accessed 18 July 2021.
45 Ruffin, “Working Together to Survive and Thrive,” 10.
46 Richmond, Emily. “Schools Are More Segregated Today Than During the Late 1960s.” The Atlantic. 11 June 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/06/schools-are-more-segregated-today-than-during-the-late-1960s/258348/. 21 August 2021.
47 Hall, "The long civil rights movement," 263.
48 Acevedo, “Student demonstrators, local activists demand defunding, abolishing VCU Police.”
Roldan, “How ‘Defunding The Police’ Is Translating Into Policy In Richmond.”
49 Rockett, “Mayor Levar Stoney wrote an opinion piece for The New York Times reflecting on last summer. Here's what he left out.”
50 Blest, "Police Turned Richmond Into a War Zone Last Night.”
“Confederate Howitzer statue removed after demonstrators tore it down.”
“Police use tear gas on protesters during standoff near Richmond Police Headquarters.” NBC12 [Richmond, VA]. 15 June 2020. https://www.nbc12.com/2020/06/15/police-use-tear-gas-protesters-during-standoff-near-richmond-police-headquarters/. Accessed 19 July 2021.
Stoney, “I Needed to Lead My City. But I Needed to Apologize First.”
51 Evans, “It's been a year since George Floyd was murdered. Richmonders reflect on what's changed.”
Moreno, “Floyd one year later: Kalia Harris on holding powerful people accountable and keeping each other safe when governments don't.”
Moreno, “Floyd one year later: Stephanie Younger on abolition, the power of young people and what true solidarity is.”
52 Rohr, Sylvia. “Comic heroes of the Egyptian revolution: How Martin Luther King found his way to Tahrir Square.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 20 February 2011. https://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/Op-Ed/2011/02/20/Comic-heroes-of-the-Egyptian-revolution-How-Martin-Luther-King-found-his-way-to-Tahrir-Square/stories/201102200165. Accessed 21 August 2021.
53 Lewis, Walking with the Wind, 45.
54 John Lewis: Good Trouble.
55 “Greensboro Sit-Ins,” Stanford History Education Group.
56 Wise, Scott. “Bus burned in Richmond riot may soon reside in museum.” 6 June 2020. CBS 6 News [Richmond, VA]. https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/bus-burned-in-richmond-riot-may-soon-reside-in-museum. Accessed 3 August 2021.
57 A Culture of Resistance: Slavery in America 1619–1861. National Civil Rights Museum, Memphis, Tennessee. https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/a-culture-of-resistance. Accessed 3 August 2021.
58 Ostrow, “A Field Trip to the Future.”
59 Lewis, March: Book One, 100.
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