Notes
1 WFLA8 On Your Side Staff. “Trump Spokesperson Says Armed Guards Outside St. Pete Polling Place Were Not Hired by Campaign.” WFLA. WFLA, October 22, 2020. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://www.wfla.com/news/pinellas-county/armed-guards-at-st-pete-early-voting-site-told-deputies-they-were-hired-by-trump-campaign-election-officials-say/
2 Wipf, Carly. “Voter Turnout in San Jose’s East Side Falls Behind West Valley.” San Jose Spotlight, November 9, 2020. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://sanjosespotlight.com/voter-turnout-in-san-joses-east-side-falls-behind-west-valley/
3 Person, Mark Baldassare, Dean Bonner, Alyssa Dykman, and Rachel Lawler. “Race and Voting in California.” Public Policy Institute of California. Public Policy Institute of California, January 26, 2021. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://www.ppic.org/publication/race-and-voting-in-california/
4 U.S. Constitution. Amendment 15.
5 Perdue, Theda, “Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native American.” C-SSPAN. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://www.c-span.org/video/?302379-1/legacy-jim-crow-southern-native-americans
6 Perman, Michael. Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South, 138. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
7 Martinez, J. Michael. Carpetbaggers, Cavalry, and the Ku Klux Klan: Exposing the Invisible Empire During Reconstruction, 24. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007.
8 “United States v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214 (1875).” Justia Law. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/214/
9 “The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871.” U.S. Senate: The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871, June 5, 2020. Accessed July 20, 2021. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/EnforcementActs.htm
10 Eric Foner. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, 454. New York: Harper Collins Publishers Inc, 2015.
11 “United States v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214 (1875).” Justia Law. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/214/
12 “Giles v. Harris, 189 U.S. 475 (1903).” Justia Law. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/189/475/
13 “James v. Bowman, 190 U.S. 127 (1903).” Justia Law. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/190/127/
14 “Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944).” Justia Law. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/321/649/
15 “Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 (1960).” Justia Law. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/364/339/
16 “Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013).” Justia Law. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/529/
17 Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S.. 529 https://www.oyez.org/cases/2012/12-96
18 “Georgia SB 202: 2021-2022: Regular Session.” LegiScan. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://legiscan.com/GA/bill/SB202/2021
19 Nelson, Steven. “Biden calls Georgia Election Law ‘Jim Crow in the 21st Century’.” New York Post. New York Post, March 26, 2021. https://nypost.com/2021/03/26/biden-georgia-election-law-is-jim-crow-in-the-21st-century/
20 “Iowa SF413: 2021-2022: 89th General Assembly.” LegiScan. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://legiscan.com/IA/bill/SF413/2021
21 “Arkansas HB1112: 2021: 93rd General Assembly.” LegiScan. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://legiscan.com/AR/bill/HB1112/2021
22 “Arkansas HB1244: 2021: 93rd General Assembly.” LegiScan. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://legiscan.com/AR/bill/HB1244/2021
23 “Utah HB0012: 2021: General Session.” LegiScan. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://legiscan.com/UT/bill/HB0012/2021
24 “Texas SB7: 2021-2022: 87th Legislature.” LegiScan. Accessed July 17, 2021. https://legiscan.com/TX/bill/SB7/2021
25 “Gerrymandering.” American Civil Liberties Union. Accessed July 18, 2021. https://www.aclu.org/issues/voting-rights/gerrymandering
26 Shapiro, Ian, presentation on “Democracy and Inequality: Challenges and Possible Solutions,” Yale National Initiative, July 13, 2021.
27 “The Electoral College.” National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed July 18, 2021. https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college
28 Hamilton, Alexander, John Jay, and James Madison. Federalist Paper No. 68 in The Federalist: a Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Conventions, September 17, 1787.: In Two Volumes. Vol. I-II. New York: Printed and Sold by J. and A. M’Lean, No. 41, Hanover Square., 1788.
29 Gregg, Greg. “Electoral College Keeps Elections Fair.” POLITICO, December 5, 2012. https://www.politico.com/story/2012/12/keep-electoral-college-for-fair-presidential-votes-084651
30 Easley, Jonathan. “Gallup: 61 Percent Support Abolishing the Electoral College.” TheHill. September 24, 2020. https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/517926-gallup-61-percent-support-abolishing-the-electoral-college
31 Manza, Jeff and Christopher Uggen. Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy, 53. Oxford: Oxford Printing Press, 2008.
32 Ibid 54
33 Ibid 41
34 Initiative, Prison Policy. “Racial Disparities in Men’s Imprisonment Persists Across all…” Prison Policy Initiative. Accessed August 2, 2021. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/graphs/racial_disparities_2019.html
35 Potyondy, Patrick. Felon Voting rights. Accessed July 18, 2021. https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/felon-voting-rights.aspx
36 “High School Voter Education Weeks (April 19-30, 2021).” 2021 High School Voter Education Weeks Letter (CA Dept of Education. Accessed July 19, 2021. https://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/el/le/yr21ltr0330.asp
37 “High School Voter Education Weeks (April 19-30, 2021).” 2021 High School Voter Education Weeks Letter (CA Dept of Education. Accessed July 19, 2021. https://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/el/le/yr21ltr0330.asp
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