Notes
1 Noelani Arista, The Kingdom and the Republic: Sovereign Hawai'i and the Early United States (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019). P92
2 Kristin L. Hoganson and Jay Sexton, “Ch 3 Settler Colonialism,” in The Cambridge History of America and the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021).p81.
3 Christopher J. Einolf, America in the Philippines, 1899-1902 the First Torture Scandal (New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). p32
4 Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa, Native Land and Foreign Desires: Pehea Lā E Pono Ai? (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1992, pp 22-23) as quoted in Noelani Arista, The Kingdom and the Republic: Sovereign Hawai'i and the Early United States (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019) p91.
5“Reading against the Grain,” Learning for Justice, accessed August 5, 2022, https://www.learningforjustice.org/classroom-resources/teaching-strategies/close-and-critical-reading/reading-against-the-grain.A project of the Southern Poverty Law Center ©1991-2022 accessed 17 July 2022
6 Anthony Christian Ocampo, The Latinos of Asia: How Filipinos Break the Rules of Race (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016).
7 See Library of Congress, or Proquest for the full text of the Congressional Testimony. Excerpts are published in Graff, Henry F. American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection (Testimony of the Times: Selections From Congressional Hearings) Little, Brown and Company, 1969
8 Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A Short History of the Greater United States (London: Vintage, 2020).
9 Matthew Frye Jacobson, “Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876-1917,” in Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876-1917 (Brantford, Ont.: W. Ross MacDonald School, Resource Services Library, 2005). P229-230
10 Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines (New York: Random House, 1989). P129
11“Inaugural Address of President Aguinaldo, January 23, 1899: Govph,” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, January 23, 1899, https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1899/01/23/inaugural-address-of-president-aguinaldo-january-23-1899/. Accessed 23 July.
12 Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines (New York: Random House, 1989). P125
13 Kramer, Paul A. The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States and the Philippines. p89-90.
14 Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines (New York: Random House, 1989). P118
15 Christopher J. Einolf, America in the Philippines, 1899-1902 the First Torture Scandal (New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). p30-32
16 Karnow, In Our Image P 130
17 David Silbey, A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2008). P107.
18 Kramer, Blood of Government. P90
19 Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper, Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010). p323
20 H. W. Brands, Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines (New York, NY: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992). P53-56
21 C.J. Einolf America in the Philippines 1899-1902 Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014.
22 Einolf p41
23 H. W. Brands, Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines (New York, NY: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992), 56.
24 Kramer, Blood of Government p237-238
25 Kramer, Blood of Government P241
26 Kramer, Blood of Government P244
27 Kramer, Blood of Government P254
28 Kramer, Blood of Government P266
29 Kramer, Blood of Government P273
30 Niederlein “Outline of the Proposed Exhibit” p 24-25 as quoted in Kramer, Paul A. The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States and the Philippines.p 241
31 Kramer, Blood of Government P262
32 Kramer, Blood of Government P 158
33 Kramer, Blood of Government p 272 and 277, Also available in the Public Domain for reproduction.
34 Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A Short History of the Greater United States (London: Vintage, 2020). P102
35 Kramer, Blood of Government p 269
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