Alien Earths

CONTENTS OF CURRICULUM UNIT 22.04.07

  1. Unit Guide
  1. Introduction
  2. Rationale
  3. Demographics
  4. Content Objective
  5. Teaching Strategies:
  6. Classroom Activities
  7. Appendix on Implementing District Standards
  8. Bibliography
  9. Notes

How Gravity Impacts Life

Lisa Yuk Kuen Yau

Published September 2022

Tools for this Unit:

Notes

  1. Natalie Wolchover, "What If There Were No Gravity?" LiveScience, January 9, 2012. https://www.livescience.com/17809-gravity.html, accessed August 1, 2022.
  2. Morey-Holton, "The impact of gravity on life," Evolution on Planet Earth, 143.
  3. Luigi Tesio, "The motion of body center of mass during walking," Frontiers in Neurology, 2019, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2019.00999/full.
  4. Abigail Burke, "SCIENCE & ENGINEERING INDICATORS," National Science Foundation, 2019, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20212/executive-summary.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Ibid.
  7. Michael Lynch, "Why Low-income Kids," The Edvocate, updated November 21, 2017, https://www.theedadvocate.org/low-income-kids-nowhere-found-stem/.
  8. Erin A. Cech, and T. J. Waidzunas, "Systemic inequalities for LGBTQ professionals in STEM, " Science Advances, 2021.
  9. “Astronaut/Cosmonaut Statistics,” World Space Flight, updated August 1, 2022, https://www.worldspaceflight.com/bios/stats.php/.
  10. Ana Guzman, "Women's History Month: Most Recent Female Station Crew Members," NASA, updated March 21, 2019.
  11. History.com Editors, "NASA introduces America’s first astronauts," History.com, updated February 22, 2010, https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/space-race.
  12. "Meet the Women Who Made History in Space," ITU Hub, updated April 12, 2022, https://www.itu.int/hub/2021/04/meet-the-women-who-made-history-in-space/.
  13. "Sally Ride, Class of 2004, Full Interview, Part 22," Academy of Achievement, updated September 25, 2020, https://achievement.org/video/sally-ride-22/.
  14. Chelsea Gohd, “This Pride, Be Inspired by Sally Ride’s Legacy,” Space.com, June 18, 2018, https://www.space.com/40916-sally-ride-pride-inspiration-legacy.html. Accessed on 8/9/2022.
  15. “Gender Ratio in the World," StatisticsTimes.com, 2021, accessed August 5, 2022. https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/world-sex-ratio.php, accessed August 5, 2022.
  16. Bruno Venditti, “The Cost of Space Flight Before and After SpaceX,” Visual Capitalist, January 27, 2022. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-cost-of-space-flight/.
  17. “Key Francis Scott School,” U.S. News, 2022, accessed August 5, 2022. https://www.usnews.com/education/k12/pennsylvania/key-francis-scott-school-236825.
  18. Ibid.
  19. Ling, Samuel J., et al. “University Physics, Volume 1, 2 and 3.” Openstax. Web Version Last Updated on Jun 29, 2022.
  20. Ling, Samuel J., et al. “University Physics,” Openstax, updated June 29, 2022, vol. 1, 13.1.
  21. Tom Benson, “Moon, NASA Glenn Research Center,” NASA, updated May 13, 2021. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/rocket/moon.html,
  22. Ramprasad, "The earth's gravitational field," National Institute of Oceanography, 2015, 191-195, https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/8222/does-a-mountain-top-have-higher-gravity-than-a-nearby-sea-level-surface.
  23. Strassler, "The Strengths of the Known Forces," Of Particular Significance, 2013.
  24. Ibid.
  25. Ibid.
  26. Ibid.
  27. Baird, "Why Is Gravity the Strongest Force?" Science Questions, updated May 22, 2013.
  28. Ibid.
  29. Urone, “College Physics,” Openstax, 2012, Table 23.1.
  30. Ibid.
  31. "Steven Weinberg May 3, 1933–July 23, 2021," University of Texas, 2021, https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/utphysicshistory/StevenWeinberg.html, accessed on August 5, 2022.
  32. Baird, "Why Is Gravity the Strongest Force?" Science Questions, 2013.
  33. Hector Socas-Navarro, "Can a negative-mass cosmology explain dark matter and dark energy?" Astronomy & Astrophysics, 626 (2019): A5.
  34. Ibid, Urone, 23.
  35. Ibid.
  36. Franknoi, “Astronomy,” in Houston: Openstax, 2018, 2.4.
  37. Ibid.
  38. Jack JWA Van Loon, "Some history and use of the random positioning machine, RPM, in gravity related research," Advances in Space Research. 39, no. 7 (2007): 1161-1165.
  39. Ibid, Franknoi, “Astronomy,” in Houston: Openstax, 2018, 3.1.
  40. Ibid.
  41. Ibid.
  42. Kristen Erickson, “How Long is a Year on Other Planets?” NASA, updated July 28, 2022.
  43. Ibid, Franknoi, “Astronomy,” Houston: Openstax, 2018, 3.3.
  44. Ibid, Urone, “College Physics,” Openstax, 2016, 7.2.
  45. Ibid.
  46. Ibid, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4.
  47. Ibid, 4.2.
  48. Ibid, Ling, “University Physics, Volume 1,” Openstax, 2022, 3.7
  49. Ibid.
  50. Ibid.
  51. Ibid, Franknoi, “Astronomy,” Houston: Openstax, 2018, 26.5.
  52. Ibid, 24.2.
  53. Nola Taylor Tillman, et al. “Einstein’s theory of general relativity,” Space.com, updated January 5, 2022, https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html.
  54. Mohon Lee, “Sagittarius A*,” NASA, updated May 16, 2022.
  55. “Human Biology," Biology LibreTexts, updated May 26, 2021.
  56. Sarah Loff, "The Astronaut Training Pool," NASA, updated April 27, 2020.
  57. Faisal Karmali, and Mark Shelhamer, “The dynamics of parabolic flight,” PubMedCentral, 2008, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2598414/.
  58. Ibid, Urone, “College Physics,” in Openstax, 2012.
  59. Jeanne Ryba, “The Pull of Hypergravity,” NASA, updated November 22, 2007.
  60. "GRACE Global Gravity Animation – GRACE Tellus," NASA, updated February 26, 2015.
  61. Nancy Hall, "Weight Equation," NASA, updated May 13, 2021.
  62. Daisy Dobrijevic, and Tim Sharp, "How Big Is the Moon?" Space.com, January 28, 2022, https://www.space.com/18135-how-big-is-the-moon.html#. Accessed August 5, 2022.
  63. "Tides and Water Levels, What Causes Tides," NOAA's National Ocean Service Education, December 19, 2005, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides02_cause.html.
  64. Ibid, Franknoi, “Astronomy,” in Openstax, 2018, 4.6.
  65. Ibid.
  66. “Do the Great Lakes Have Tides?" NOAA's National Ocean Service. Updated April 06, 2010. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/gltides.html.
  67. Ibid, Franknoi, 4.6.
  68. "Can the Moon Affect Our Health and Behavior?" in Royal Museums Greenwich, 2022. https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/can-moon-affect-our-health-behaviour.
  69. Ibid.
  70. Kristen Erickson, “Basic of Space Flight,” NASA, 2022, https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/chapter14-1/, accessed August 5, 2022.
  71. James, Oberg, "Space myths and misconceptions." Omni, May 1993, Vol 15, Issue 7, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A13547916/AONE?u=anon~68b23fe2&sid=googleScholar&xid=6c2d2378, accessed August 5, 2022.
  72. Michael Johnson, "Tackling Immune System Dysfunction," NASA, updated Mar. 27, 2019.
  73. Clement, “The Effects of Altered Gravity on Physiology,” Frontier in Physiology, 2019
  74. Ibid.
  75. Michael Johnson, "Bone and Muscle Loss in Microgravity," NASA, updated Jan. 7, 2020.
  76. Ibid.
  77. Dana Bolles, "Space Bones." NASA. Updated August 10, 2022.
  78. Brian Dunbar, "Renal Stone Risk During Space Flight," NASA, updated April 12, 2008.
  79. "The Martian: A Science Movie Review," Physics Today, updated April 17, 2015. https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/pt.5.9047/full/.
  80. Kelli Mars, “The Human Body in Space,” NASA, updated February 23, 2022
  81. Steven Platts, "LSDA: Experiment – ACG," NASA, updated June 10, 2020.
  82. “Spacesuits and Spacewalks,” NASA, Updated July 5, 2018.
  83. 81.“Why does an astronaut wear a spacesuit?” Spacekids, accessed August 17, 2022. https://www.spacekids.co.uk/spacesuits/.
  84. Brian Dunbar, “When Space Makes You Dizzy,” NASA, updated April 9, 2009.
  85. Kristen Erickson, Kristen, “Basic of Space Flight,” NASA, 2022.
  86. Kristine Rainey, “Seven Ways Astronauts Improve Sleep May Help You Snooze Better on Earth,” NASA, updated December 15, 2016.
  87. 85.“How do spacesuits keep astronauts alive?” How It Works, updated August 10, 2015. https://www.howitworksdaily.com/how-do-spacesuits-keep-astronauts-alive/.
  88. Sandra May, “A Day in the Life Aboard the ISS,” NASA, updated May 13, 2020.
  89. Ivelisse Gilman, "Spacesuits," NASA, updated February 3, 2011.
  90. Amiko Kauderer, "Do Tread on Me," NASA, updated October 23, 2010.
  91. Jessica Nimon, "Strong Bones and Fewer Renal Stones for Astronauts," NASA, 2012.
  92. Ibid.
  93. Sandra May,“ Exercise in Space,” NASA, updated April 28, 2021.
  94. "Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond Our Solar System," NASA, updated Dec. 17, 2015.
  95. "The Habitable Zone," NASA, updated April 02, 2021.
  96. David Rothery, et al., “Astrobiology,” Open University, 2018, 247.
  97. "Morgan-Keenan Luminosity Class," in COSMOS, accessed on August 5, 2022. https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/m/morgan-keenan luminosity class.
  98. Ibid.
  99. Ibid, David Rothery, 248.
  100. Pat Brennan, “Stars are the most basic building blocks of galaxies,” NASA, update 7/28/2022.
  101. Pat Brennan, "Exoplanets Overview," NASA, updated April 02, 2021.
  102. Ibid.
  103. Pat Brennan, "First Map of an Exoplanet Atmosphere, " NASA, updated 3/3/2021.
  104. “Mars Exploration Program,” NASA, updated August 5, 2022. https://mars.nasa.gov/.
  105. Svetlana Shekhtman, "NASA Scientists Closer to Explaining Mars Methane Mystery," NASA, updated May 26, 2021.
  106. Mary Ann Clark, "Biology,” OpenStax, 2018, Chapter 1.2.
  107. Adamopoulos, "Gravitational Influence," PMC PubMed Central, 2021.
  108. Ibid, Morey-Holton, Emily R., 156.
  109. Ibid, 157.
  110. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com, accessed August 17, 2022
  111. Ibid.
  112. "Gravity Influences Life Form," Rashid's Blog: An Educational Portal, updated 12/1/2012. https://rashidfaridi.com/2012/12/08/gravity-influences-life-form/, accessed August 5, 2022.
  113. Azolinsky, “Gravity plays a role in keeping cells small,” Princeton.edu, updated October 24, 2013, https://www.princeton.edu/news/2013/10/24/gravity-plays-role-keeping-cells-small.
  114. Nandu Goswami, “Human physiology adaptation to altered gravity environments,” Acta Astronautica, 2021, 216-221.
  115. Ibid.
  116. James Schultz, “Experiments May Lead to Ways of Neutralizing Virulent Microbes,” NASA, updated November 30, 2007.
  117. Ibid.
  118. Ingber, "Tensegrity I. Cell structure," Journal of Cell Science, 16, no. 7 (2003):1157.

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