Notes
1 Tony D. Williams, What is a Bird?: An Exploration of Anatomy, Physiology, Behavior, and Ecology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2020), https://doi.org/10.1515.9780691211879, 157.
2 Michelle Alten. “Backyard Birding.”
3 Darryl Wheye and Donald Kennedy, Humans, Nature, and Birds : Science Art from Cave Walls to Computer Screens(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 40.
4 “Tubman ES,” District of Columbia Public Schools.
5 Bill Cope and Mary Kalantzis, A Pedagogy of Multiliteracies (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015), 3.
6 Williams, What Is a Bird?, 13.
7 Williams, 14.
8 Laura Erickson, Sharing the Wonder of Birds with Kids (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press, 1997), 115.
9 National Wildlife Refuge System, Birds and Their Adaptations
10 Roger J Lederer, The Art of the Bird : The History of Ornithological Art through Forty Artists (Chicago: The University Of Chicago Press, 2019), 66-67.
11 Lederer, 60.
12 Erickson, Sharing the Wonder of Birds with Kids.
13 Williams, 79.
14 National Wildlife Refuge System, Birds and Their Adaptations.
15 Williams, What is a Bird?
16 National Wildlife Refuge System, Birds and Their Adaptations.
17 Erickson, 121.
18 Williams, 58.
19 Williams, 34.
20 National Wildlife Refuge System, Birds and Their Adaptations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2024).
21 Gould, John. 1887. A Monograph of the Trochilidae or Family of Humming-Birds ... : Supplement / Completed after the Author’s Death by Bowdler Sharpe ...https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/11202237.
22 John James Audubon, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, National Audubon Society.
23 Williams, 35.
24 Williams, 99.
25 Williams, 35.
26 Williams, 35.
27 Williams, 270.
28 Erickson, 91.
29 Williams, 292.
30 National Wildlife Refuge System, Birds and Their Adaptations.
31 Williams, 295.
32 Wheye & Kennedy, Humans, Nature, and Birds.
33 Lederer, 6.
34 Lederer, 46.
35 Wheye & Kennedy, 131.
36 Wilding, Richard. 2005. “From the rise of the Enlightenment to the beginnings of Romanticism (Robert Plot, Edward Lhwyd and Richard Brooks, MD).” Geological Society, London, Special Publications 241 (1): 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.207.01.02, 11.
37 Lederer, 7.
38 Jennifer Roberts. Transporting Visions: The Movement of Images in Early America (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 2014), 71.
39 Wheye & Kennedy, 6.
40 Benozzo Gozzoli, “Falcon with Captured Rabbit, Detail from the Journey of the Magi Cycle in the Chapel, C.1460,” Fine Art America, 2019, https://fineartamerica.com/featured/falcon-with-captured-rabbit-detail-from-the-journey-of-the-magi-cycle-in-the-chapel-c1460-benozzo-di-lese-di-sandro-gozzoli.html.
41 John James Audubon, Rough-legged falcon, National Audubon Society. https://www.audubon.org/birds-of-america/rough-legged-falcon-0.
42 Julie Russ Harris, “4 Flexible Vocabulary Routines for Literacy Instruction,” Lexia Learning (blog), 2017, https://www.lexialearning.com/blog/4-flexible-vocabulary-routines-literacy-instruction.
43 Mora-Flores, Eugenia. “Comprehensible Input.” In Integrated English Language Development: Supporting English Learners Across the Curriculum (epub), 83-104. Huntington Beach, CA: Shell Educational Publishing, 2018. Accessed July 13, 2025. ProQuest Ebook Central.
44 Levey, Sandra. “Universal Design for Learning.” Journal of education (Boston, Mass.) 203, no. 2 (2023): 479–487.
45 Levey, 485.
46 Richard Brookes, 1721–1763, Woodpecker and Two Birds, 1760, Pen and black ink with gray wash on medium, slightly textured, cream laid paper, Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, B1975.4.87.
47 Havell, Robert. 1829. Ivory-Billed Woodpecker. Male 1.F. 2 and 3. Picus Principalis. Pl. 66 No. 14. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. http://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2014415.
48 Forbes, James. 1770. The FLAMINGO. Volume 2, Page 197. https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/catalog/archival_objects:3199399.
49 Audubon, John James, 1785-1851. (1840-44) [American flamingo. Adult male. No. 75. Plate No. 375]. https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2031570.
50 Bruce, James. Bee Cuckoo. 1768. Yale Center for British Art. https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/catalog/tms:15616.
51 Audubon, John James. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO, Cuculus carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. iv.p. 13. Yellow-Billed Cuckoo. National Audubon Society. Accessed 2025. https://www.audubon.org/birds-of-america/yellow-billed-cuckoo.
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