Notes
1 Rodel, Who Are Multilingual Learners in Delaware’s Schools? 2022 Fact Sheet, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://rodelde.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/RODEL-MLL-FACT-SHEETS-2022-FINAL.pdf.
2 Delaware Report Card, Dickinson (John) School Snapshot, https://reportcard.doe.k12.de.us/detail.html#aboutpage?scope=school&district=32&school=290.
3 Rodel, 2022.
4 The City of Wilmington, “City History,” https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/about-us/about-the-city-of-wilmington/city-history.
5 The City of Wilmington, “Demographic Characteristics,” 2010 Census Demographic Profile, American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/336/636006729919430000.
6 Joint Center for Housing Studies, 2025, US National–Homeownership Rate by Race and Ethnicity: 1994–2024, The State of the Nation’s Housing 2025, Harvard University, https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/data-search?keyword=homeownership.
7 The City of Wilmington, “Demographic Characteristics.”
8 Delaware Nation, “Early Contact,” The History of Delaware Nation, https://www.delawarenation-nsn.gov/history/.
9 The City of Wilmington, “City History.”
10 Ibid.
11 National Park Service, “Old Swedes Church, November 2023, https://www.nps.gov/places/old-swedes-church.htm.
12 The City of Wilmington, “City History.”
13 Library of Congress, “Collection: Panoramic Maps,” https://www.loc.gov/collections/panoramic-maps/about-this-collection/.
14 The City of Wilmington, “City History.”
15 National Archives, “The Great Migration 1910-1970,” June 2021, https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration.
16 Ibid.
17 Joseph Gibbons, 2024, “Linking U.S. Government-Sponsored Redlining to Early-Stage White Flight, 1940-1950,” Urban Geography 45, no. 8: 1387, https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2024.2305591.
18 Peter Ibsen, Anna Bierbrauer, Lucila M. Corro, et. al, "Land-use and Socioeconomic Time-Series Reveal Legacy of Redlining on Present-Day Gentrification within a Growing United States City," PLoS One 20, no. 3 (03, 2025), 2, doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317988. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/land-use-socioeconomic-time-series-reveal-legacy/docview/3173340170/se-2.
19 National Geographic, “MapMaker: Redlining in the United States,” https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mapmaker-redlining-united-states/
20 Scott, Markley, 2024, "Federal ‘redlining’ Maps: A Critical Reappraisal," Urban Studies (Edinburgh, Scotland) 61 (2): 201.
21 Ibsen, “Land Use,” 2.
22 City of Wilmington, “City History.”
23 Gibbons, “Linking,” 1388.
24 National Archives Catalog, “Wilmington, DE,” Record Group 31: Records of the Federal Housing Administration, Series: Real Property City Survey Maps, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/208156486.
25 Ibsen, “Land Use,” 14.
26 Ibsen, “Land Use,” 14.
27 The City of Wilmington, “City History.”
28 The City of Wilmington, “City History.”
29 The City of Wilmington, “Riverside Analysis Area,” 109-111, 2010 Census Demographic Profile, American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/346/636006729929600000.
30 Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool, Archived, https://edgi-govdata-archiving.github.io/j40-cejst-2/en/#13.37/39.74575/-75.52759.
31 The City of Wilmington, “Delaware Avenue/Bancroft Parkway Analysis Area,” 69-71, 2010 Census Demographic Profile, American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/338/636006729921300000
32 Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool, Archived, https://edgi-govdata-archiving.github.io/j40-cejst-2/en/#13.19/39.76195/-75.56858.
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