Annotated Bibliography
“The Boulevard Historic District.” The Virginia Department of Historic Resources, November 28, 2024. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/127-0398/.
This site explains the naming of Arthur Ashe Boulevard.
“The First Africans.” Jamestown Rediscovery. Accessed July 11, 2026. https://historicjamestowne.org/history/the-first-africans/.
This site describes the 1619 landing of the first Africans at Point Comfort.
Freedom Summer: Mississippi 1964. United States: PBS Distribution, 2014.
This film describes the circumstances surrounding the Freedom Summer. It also includes primary source video clips from the time and reflections of organizers and students who participated.
Fuhrmann, Barbara S. “Richmond Community High School: A Successful Experiment in Public Education,” 2012.
This booklet provides a history of the founding of Richmond Community High School, including a description of the local context and the orginial vision of the founders.
General Assembly. “‘Negro Womens Children to Serve According to the Condition of the Mother’ (1662).” Encyclopedia Virginia, December 7, 2020. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/primary-documents/negro-womens-children-to-serve-according-to-the-condition-of-the-mother-1662/.
This website describes the partus sequitur ventrem law that was enacted in early Virginia.
“Getting Started With Primary Sources.” Library of Congress. Accessed July 25, 2026. https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/teachers/getting-started-with-primary-sources/.
This site has tips for using primary sources with students and a link to the Primary Source Analysis Tool.
Hale, Jon N. The Freedom Schools: Student Activists in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.
This book details the ideology and methods of Freedom School organizers. It includes photos and reflections from both teachers and students who experienced the Freedom Summer.
“History.” Maggie L. Walker Governor’s School. Accessed July 11, 2026. https://mlwgs.com/about/history/.
This site explains the history of the school and the background of its name.
Moses, Robert Parris, and Charles E. Cobb. Radical Equations: Math Literacy and Civil Rights. Boston: Beacon Press, 2002.
Moses, primary organizer of the Freedom Summer, argues for math literacy as the most pressing civil rights issue of the 21st century; he compares math literacy today to voting rights in the 1960s. He discussed his creation of the Algebra Project and its work to close the math literacy gap around the United States.
Plessy v. Ferguson, National Archives (U.S. Supreme Court 1896).
This is the text of the landmark Supreme Court decision.
Pratt, Robert A. The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia, 1954-89. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993.
This book explains how a combination of “massive resistance” at the state level and “passive resistance” at the city level led to the continuation of segregation in Richmond schools long after the Brown decision. It also includes a brief discussion of Richmond Community High School as an outlier to resegregated schools in the 1970s and 1980s.
Primary Source: Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education. Library of North Carolina. Accessed July 12, 2026. https://www.ncanchor.org/anchor/primary-source-swann-v.
This site details the events leading to court-mandated busing in Charlotte-Mecklenburg.
“Redlining Richmond.” University of Richmond. Accessed July 14, 2026. https://dsl.richmond.edu/redliningrichmond/.
This site pairs maps with primary source documents to explain the history of redlining in Richmond and its effects on the city today.
“Richmond City Public Schools - Virginia School Quality Profiles.” Virginia Department of Education School Quality Profiles. Accessed July 12, 2026. https://schoolquality.virginia.gov/divisions/richmond-city-public-schools.
This site houses school performance data for all Richmond Public Schools.
“Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground.” Visit Richmond VA. Accessed July 11, 2026. https://www.visitrichmondva.com/listing/shockoe-bottom-african-burial-ground/5069/.
This site explains the history of the Shockoe Bottom burial ground.
Smith, Clint. “Plessy v Ferguson and Segregation: Crash Course Black American History #21.” YouTube, October 15, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbZUQGPMTjk.
This video uses a combination of primary source quotes and animated reenactments to explain the events leading to the Plessy decision and its impact of American society.
Smith, Clint. “School Segregation and Brown v Board: Crash Course Black American History #33.” YouTube, February 11, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBlqcAEv4nk.
This video uses a combination of primary source quotes and animated reenactments to explain the events leading to the Brown decision and its impact of American society.
Sykes, Marvin. "A&T Students Launch 'Sit-Down' Demand For Service At Downtown Lunch Counter: Woolworth Made Target For Demonstration Here." Greensboro Record, February 2, 1960. From ANCHOR. Library of NC.
This newspaper article shows how the first sit-ins at Woolworth’s were perceived by the public at the time.
Tarter, Brent. “Elizabeth Key (Fl. 1655–1660).” Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Library of Virginia, 2019. https://old.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Key_Elizabeth_fl_1655-1660.
This site explains who Elizabeth Key was and how reactions to her case led to racialized slavery in early Virginia.
“Virginia Union University’s Richmond 34 Honored with Historical Marker.” Virginia Union University, August 24, 2016. https://www.vuu.edu/news/virginia-union-universitys-richmond-34-honored-with-historical-marker.
This short article is a report of the decision to honor the Richmond 34 with a historical marker and explains the group’s impact on the city.
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