Notes
[1] Richmond Mural Project, “Richmond Mural Project,” Richmond Mural Project, 2026, https://richmondmuralproject.squarespace.com.
[2] Mending Walls RVA, “Mending Walls RVA,” Mending Walls RVA, 2020, https://www.mendingwallsrva.com.
[3] Laura Byrd Earle, Richmond’s Monument Avenue: Memorializing the Lost Cause Myth - The Valentine Museum, The Valentine Museum, November 18, 2024, https://thevalentine.org/explore/richmond-stories/featured-stories/richmonds-monument-avenue-memorializing-the-lost-cause-myth/.
[4] Laura Byrd Earle, The Lost Cause Myth: How the South Flipped the American Civil War Story, The Valentine Museum, October 31, 2023, https://thevalentine.org/explore/richmond-stories/featured-stories/the-lost-cause-myth-how-the-south-flipped-the-american-civil-war-story/.
[5] Scott Wise, “Why Does Richmond Have so Many Murals? The Story behind the Richmond Mural Project.,” CBS 6 News Richmond WTVR, April 15, 2025, https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/richmond-murals-july-26-2013.
[6] The Valentine, “2020 Vision,” ArcGIS StoryMaps (Esri, February 10, 2025), https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/1fa30eea151945d0931a6fce7f5c3317.
[7] VDOE, APEX Captcha: Home Page, Virginia.gov, 2023, https://p1pe.doe.virginia.gov/apex/f?p=180:1:110982456435747:show_report.
[8] Nick Earhart, “The Layers of the Land: Urban Space and the Urban Environment in Judy Baca’s The Great Wall of Los Angeles,” American Quarterly 77, no. 1 (March 2025): 45.
[9] SPARC, Great Wall of Los Angeles - SOCIAL AND PUBLIC ART RESOURCE CENTER, SOCIAL AND PUBLIC ART RESOURCE CENTER, March 27, 2025, https://sparcinla.org/programs/greatwallinstitute/.
[10] Erika Doss, “Raising Community Consciousness with Public Art: Contrasting Projects by Judy Baca and Andrew Leicester,” American Art 6, no. 1 (January 1992): 73, 79. https://doi.org/10.1086/424141.
[11] Judith F. Baca, “Whose Monument Where? Public Art in a Many Cultured Society,” in Chicano and Chicana Art: A Critical Anthology, ed. C. Ondine Chavoya, Chon Noriega, and Terezita Romo (Duke University Place, 2016), 304.
[12] VDOE, APEX Captcha: Home Page, Virginia.gov, 2023, https://p1pe.doe.virginia.gov/apex_captcha/home.do?apexTypeId=304.
[13] Ned Oliver, “Latino Students Protest Treatment at High School,” Style Weekly, June 18, 2013, https://www.styleweekly.com/latino-students-protest-treatment-at-high-school/.
[14] Ned Oliver, “Latino Student Protest Triggers Fallout,” Style Weekly, July 2, 2013, https://sw.wxp.io/latino-student-protest-triggers-fallout/.
[15] Richmond Public Schools, Graduation Dashboard - Richmond Public Schools
[16] Keyris Manzanares, “Huguenot High Students Walk out to Protest Immigration Enforcement,” VPM (Virginia’s home for Public Media, January 22, 2026), https://www.vpm.org/news/2026-01-22/huguenot-high-walkout-ice-trump-immigration-gallardo-lopez-goins.
[17]Christine Stoddard, “Hispanics and Latinos in Virginia - Encyclopedia Virginia,” Encyclopedia Virginia, May 16, 2025, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/hispanics-and-latinos-in-virginia/.
[18] The Valentine Museum, “Nuestras Historias: Latinos in Richmond (Pt. 3) - Google Arts & Culture,” Google Arts & Culture (Google Arts & Culture, 2018), https://artsandculture.google.com/story/nuestras-historias-latinos-in-richmond-pt-3/8QVxGaCdBqkKJw?hl=en.
[19] Christine Stoddard, “Hispanics and Latinos in Virginia”
[20] Schleef H.B Cavalcanti, Latinos in Dixie, 37.
[21] Christine Stoddard, “Hispanics and Latinos in Virginia”
[22] Debra J Schleef and H.B Cavalcanti, Latinos in Dixie (State University of New York Press, 2010) 47.
[23] Schleef H.B Cavalcanti, Latinos in Dixie, 21.
[24] Heciel Nieves Bonilla, “Latino Virginia Project Captures Untold Oral History,” The Commonwealth Times, April 22, 2026, https://commonwealthtimes.org/2026/04/22/latino-virginia-project-captures-untold-oral-history/.
[25] Ibid, 7.
[26] United States Census Bureau, “Explore Census Data,” Census.gov, 2026, https://data.census.gov/table/decennialsf12010.p9?g=060xx00us5176095291. [2010 Census Data for Richmond]
[27] United States Census Bureau, “Explore Census Data,” Census.gov, 2026, https://data.census.gov/table/decennialdhc2020.p9?g=060xx00us5176095291. [2020 Census Data for Richmond]
[28]United States Census Bureau, “Explore Census Data,” Census.gov, 2026, https://data.census.gov/table/acsdt5y2024.b05006?t=place+of+birth&g=060xx00us51760 95291. [2024 American Community Survey Data for Richmond VA]
[29] Schleef H.B Cavalcanti, Latinos in Dixie, 10.
[30] Ibid, 16.
[31] Christine Stoddard, “Hispanics and Latinos in Virginia”
[32] Jonathan Yorba, Judith F. Baca | Smithsonian American Art Museum, americanart.si.edu, accessed July 13, 2026, https://americanart.si.edu/artist/judith-f-baca-18391.
[33] Nick Earhart, “The Layers of the Land”, 28.
[34] Judith Baca, Oral history, 1986, 15.
[35] Ibid, 28.
[36] About, Judy Baca, accessed July 13, 2026, https://www.judybaca.com/about/#biography.
[37] Juan Pablo Mercado, “Judy Baca, SPARC and A Chicana Mural Movement: Reconstructing U.S. History Through Public Art” (Dissertation, 2018), 17.
[38] Judith Baca, Oral history, 1986, 15.
[39] Maria-Reina Bravo, Doris. “Mexican Muralism: Los Tres Grandes—David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and José Clemente Orozco – Smarthistory.” In Smarthistory.Org. 2015. https://smarthistory.org/mexican-muralism-los-tres-grandes-david-alfaro-siqueiros-diego-rivera-and-jose-clemente-orozco/.
[40] Ibid, 20.
[41] Gabriela Rodriguez-Gomez, “Murals without Walls, Muralism without Borders: Women Artists and Their Portable Murals of the Chicano Art Movement in California, 1978-2020” (2025), 35.
[42]Juan Pablo Mercado, “Judy Baca, SPARC and A Chicana Mural Movement”, 17.
[43]Gabriela Rodriguez-Gomez, “Murals without Walls”, 64.
[44] Maria Guadalupe Partida, “Research Guides: A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and Events in the United States: 1970: National Chicano Moratorium,” guides.loc.gov, 2013, https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/national-chicano-moratorium.
[45] Nick Earhart, “The Layers of the Land”, 28-29.
[46] Ibid, 29.
[47] National Museum of the American Latino, review of Latino Civil Rights, National Museum of the American Latino, accessed July 13, 2026, https://latino.si.edu/learn/latino-history-and-culture/latino-history/latino-civil-rights.
[48] Jonathan Yorba, Judith F. Baca | Smithsonian American Art Museum, americanart.si.edu, accessed July 13, 2026, https://americanart.si.edu/artist/judith-f-baca-18391.
[49] SPARC, review of The Great Wall - History and Description, SOCIAL AND PUBLIC ART RESOURCE CENTER, accessed July 13, 2026, https://sparcinla.org/programs/greatwallinstitute/history-description/.
[50] About, Judy Baca, accessed July 13, 2026, https://www.judybaca.com/about/#biography.
[51] SPARC, The Great Wall - History and Description
[52] Judith Baca, Oral history, 1986, 3.
[53] Nick Earhart, “The Layers of the Land”, 26.
[54] RVAgreen 250, “Racial Equity & Environmental Justice,” RVAgreen 2050 (City of Richmond), accessed July 22, 2026, https://www.rvagreen2050.com/racial-equity-environmental-justice.
[55] Judith F. Baca, “Whose Monument Where? Public Art in a Many Cultured Society,” in Chicano and Chicana Art : A Critical Anthology, ed. C. Ondine Chavoya, Chon Noriega, and Terezita Romo (Duke University Place, 2016), 305.
[56] T Tyler Potterfield, Nonesuch Place (History Press, 2009), 15.
[57] SPARC Virtual Tour - The Great Wall Institute, The Great Wall Institute, December 6, 2023, https://greatwallinstitute.sparcinla.org/virtual-tour/.
[58] SPARC Indigenous California - The Great Wall Institute, The Great Wall Institute, October 20, 2023, https://greatwallinstitute.sparcinla.org/virtual-tour/indigenous-california/.
[59] VDOE, Virginia’s First People Past and Present History | Virginia Department of Education, www.doe.virginia.gov, 2022, https://www.doe.virginia.gov/teaching-learning-assessment/k-12-standards-instruction/history-and-social-science/virginia-s-first-people-past-and-present/history.
[60] John Salmon, Tsenacomoco (Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom) – Encyclopedia Virginia, Encyclopedia Virginia, December 7, 2020, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/tsenacomoco-powhatan-paramount-chiefdom/
[61] SPARC Indigenous California - The Great Wall Institute
[62] Keith Egloff and Deborah B Woodward, First People (University of Virginia Press, 2006), xiii.
[63] Ibid, 7.
[64] The Human Face - Encyclopedia Virginia, Encyclopedia Virginia, November 6, 2020, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/11021hpr-c3b2c9cc58afd97/.
[65] Powhatan Featherwork | Access Genealogy, Access Genealogy , February 10, 2014, https://accessgenealogy.com/virginia/powhatan-feather-work.htm.
[66] Brendan Wolfe, Indians in Virginia – Encyclopedia Virginia, Encyclopedia Virginia, December 7, 2020, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/indians-in-virginia/.
[67] SPARC Indigenous California - The Great Wall Institute
[68] Nick Earhart, “The Layers of the Land”, 37.
[69] SPARC, The Myth of Discovery - The Great Wall Institute, The Great Wall Institute, October 20, 2023, https://greatwallinstitute.sparcinla.org/virtual-tour/the-myth-of-discovery/.
[70] Visit California, Visit Native California: Facts and Figures, Visit California, May 23, 2023, https://www.visitcalifornia.com/experience/visit-native-california-facts-and-figures/.
[71] Brendan Wolfe, Indians in Virginia – Encyclopedia Virginia
[72] VDOE, Virginia’s First People Past and Present History
[73] Charles A Grymes, Where Are the Native Americans in Virginia Today?, Virginiaplaces.org, 2020, https://www.virginiaplaces.org/nativeamerican/6indianstoday.html.
[74] Neilsberg Research, “Indian Population in Virginia by County : 2025 Ranking & Insights | Neilsberg,” Neilsberg.com, August 8, 2025, https://www.neilsberg.com/insights/lists/indian-population-in-virginia-by-county/.
[75] The Valentine Museum, “Nuestras Historias: Latinos in Richmond (Pt. 3)”
[76] The Pluralism Project, Myth of the “Vanishing Indian”, pluralism.org, accessed July 13, 2026, https://pluralism.org/myth-of-the-vanishing-indian.
[77] Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press, 1995), 57.
[78] Great Britain, review of Articles of Peace (1677), Encyclopedia Virginia, December 7, 2020, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/primary-documents/articles-of-peace-1677/.
[79] Leah Small, “Honoring a Centuries-Old Treaty, the Mattaponi Tribe Looks to the Future,” WHRO Public Media (WHRO, November 26, 2024), https://www.whro.org/virginia-center-for-investigative-journalism/2024-11-26/vcij-mattaponi.
[80] Pamunkey Indian Tribe & Reservation, Reservation | Pamunkey Indian Tribe, Pamunkey.org, October 4, 2024, https://pamunkey.org/reservation/.
[81] Michael Ray, “In What Order Were the 13 American Colonies Established? | List, Dates, & History,” Encyclopedia Britannica, July 2, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-What-Order-Were-the-13-American-Colonies-Established.
[82] SPARC, The Myth of Discovery - The Great Wall Institute,
[83] Tom Gray, “The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,” National Archives, April 25, 2018, https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/guadalupe-hidalgo.
[84] SPARC, The Myth of Discovery - The Great Wall Institute
[85] Visit USA, “The Birthplace of America,” Visit USA | Your guide to visiting the USA (Visit USA, February 5, 2026), https://www.visitusa.org.uk/blogs/article.aspx?pname=the-birthplace-of-america&blogid=2463.
[86] Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death, Patrick Henry Speech, 1775 · Document Bank of Virginia, Virginia.gov, 2025, https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/dbva/items/show/324.
[87] Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past, 102.
[88] Gabriela Rodriguez-Gomez, “Murals without Walls”,62.
[89] Judith Baca, Oral history, 1986, 18.
[90] admin, “Flags of the Confederate States of America - Museum and Library of Confederate History,” Museum and Library of Confederate History, June 11, 2025, https://confederatemuseum.org/heritage/flags-of-the-confederate-states-of-america/.
[91] SPARC, The Myth of Discovery - The Great Wall Institute,
[92] SPARC, Immigrant and Indigenous People Build California, The Great Wall Institute, accessed July 13, 2026, https://greatwallinstitute.sparcinla.org/virtual-tour/immigrant-and-indigenous-people-build-california/.
[93] Jaime Martinez and Mary DeCredico, Richmond during the Civil War – Encyclopedia Virginia, Encyclopedia Virginia, December 7, 2020, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/richmond-during-the-civil-war/.
[94] SlaveVoyages, Slavevoyages.org, 2025, https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/trans-atlantic#table.
[95] The Library of Virginia, Gabriel’s Conspiracy, Virginia.gov, 2025, https://old.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/deathliberty/gabriel/index.htm.
[96] Lois Leveen, Bowser, Mary Richards (Fl. 1846–1867) – Encyclopedia Virginia Encyclopedia Virginia, December 7, 2020, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/bowser-mary-richards-fl-1846-1867/.
[97] Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past, 54.
[98] NPS, “Maggie Lena Walker - Maggie L Walker National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service),” www.nps.gov, August 22, 2023, https://www.nps.gov/mawa/learn/historyculture/maggie-lena-walker.htm.
[99] SPARC, Civil Rights Forebears - The Great Wall Institute, The Great Wall Institute, December 3, 2024, https://greatwallinstitute.sparcinla.org/virtual-tour/civil-rights-forebears/.
[100] Cydny Neville, Barbara R. Johns, National Women’s History Museum, 2022, https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/barbara-r-johns.
[101] James Hershman, “Massive Resistance – Encyclopedia Virginia,” Encyclopedia Virginia, December 7, 2020, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/massive-resistance/.
[102] Jeff Larson, Nikole Hannah-Jones, and Mike Tigas, Segregation Now, ProPublica, 2016, https://projects.propublica.org/segregation-now/.
[103] Sabrina Moreno, “Segregation Skyrocketed among Virginia’s Latino Students in Last 30 Years,” Axios (Axios Richmond, May 16, 2024), https://www.axios.com/local/richmond/2024/05/16/richmond-virginia-latino-student-segregation.
[104] Cydny Neville, Barbara R. Johns
[105] SPARC, Digital/Mural Lab, SOCIAL AND PUBLIC ART RESOURCE CENTER, accessed July 14, 2026, https://sparcinla.org/digital-mural-lab/.
[106] Gabriela Rodriguez-Gomez, “Murals without Walls”,99.
[107] Ibid, 116-117.
[108] “Virginia’S Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Commission,” Virginia.gov, 2024, https://mlkcommission.dls.virginia.gov/va_school_closings/projects.html.
[109] VDOE, “Visual Arts Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools Board of Education Commonwealth of Virginia,” in Visual Arts Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools, 2020, 29–30, https://www.doe.virginia.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/7976/638017077568970000.
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