Notes
[1] Buxton, Nick. “Mapping Fascism: Global Networks, Power, and the Rise of the Far Right.” Transnational Institute, 2026, accessed June 22, 2026, https://www.tni.org/en/mapping-fascism.
[2] Robert C. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 8.
[3] Adrian Lyttelton, The Seizure of Power, 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2004). 42.
[4] Ibid, 4.
[5] Brennan, T. Corey, The Fasces: A History of Ancient Rome’s Most Dangerous Political Symbol (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2022). 1-7.
[6] Wikimedia Commons, access July 31, 2026, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fasces_1895_Otto.jpg
[7] Wikimedia Commons, accessed July 31, 2026, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Lincoln_Memorial_Statue,_with_inscription_in_background.jpg?uselang=en#Licensing
[8] Ibid, 4-5.
[9] Wikimedia Commons, access July 31, 2026, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Fascist_Party_logo.svg
[10] FL Carsten, The Rise of Fascism, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980). 45-46.
[11] Ibid, 46-48.
[12] Ibid, 48
[13] Paxton, Anatomy of Fascism, 5.
[14] Carsten, Rise of Fascism, 49-62.
[15] Ibid, 49-62.
[16] Christopher Duggan, Fascist Voices (London: Vintage Books, 2012). 303.
[17] Ibid, 305.
[18] Ibid, 305.
[19] Ibid, 305-306
[20] Ibid, 315.
[21] Ibid, 314.
[22] Zeev Sternhell, “How to Think about Fascism and its Ideology,” Constellations 15, no. 3 (2008).
[23]Nicola Labanca, “Colonial rule, colonial repression and war crimes in the Italian colonies,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 9, no. 3 (2007).
[24] Paxton, Anatomy of Fascism, 259.
[25] Ibid, 252.
[26] Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 38.
[27] Ibid, 38-39.
[28] Ibid, 483-484
[29] Paxton, Anatomy of Fascism, 41-42, 219-220.
[30] Light & Magic, season 1, episode 1, “Gang of Outsiders,” Lucasfilm. 2022.
[31] “Star Wars raises questions on US Policy,” WBZTV CBS 4 2005, accessed June 22, 2026, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/16/content_442488.htm.
[32] Popper, Karl. “Chapter 7, The Principle of Leadership, footnote 4”. The Open Society and Its Enemies: New One-Volume Edition. Princeton University Press. 2013, 1st Pub. 1945. p. 581.
[33] Carsten, Rise of Fascism, 152-155.
[34] Aristotle, Politics, V. IX. 4
[35] Brigit Maier-Katkin Nathan Stoltzfus, Protest in Hitler's “National Community” (New York: Berghahn Books, 2016). 1.
[36] Jill Stephenson, “Women and Protest in Wartime Nazi Germany,” in Protest in Hitler's “National Community”, ed. Brigit Maier-Katkin Nathan Stoltzfus (New York: Berghahn Books, 2016). 20.
[37] Ibid, 20-21
[38] Richard Hanser, A Noble Treason (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2012). 1-85.
[39] Ibid, 13-24.
[40] Ibid, 169.
[41] Digital Inquiry Group, “Historical Thinking Chart,” https://www.inquirygroup.org/history-lessons/historical-thinking-chart
[42] Ibid.
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