Notes
[1] Southern Poverty Law Center. “Resistance Means More Than Rebellion.” August 14, 2025. https://www.splcenter.org/resources/stories/resistance-means-more-than-rebellion/.
[2] Rowell, C. H., & Butler, O. E. (2026). An Interview with Octavia E. Butler. Callaloo, 44(1), 40
[3] Jackson, Kellie Carter. We refuse: a forceful history of Black resistance. First edition. New York: Seal Press, 2024, 7.
[4] Southern Poverty Law Center. “Resistance Means More Than Rebellion.”
[5] Ibid.
[6] Sanchez, Adam. “Poetry of Defiance: How the Enslaved Resisted.” Zinn Education Project.
[7] Kenan, R. (1991). An Interview With Octavia E. Butler. Callaloo, 14(2), 496.
[8] Rowell, C. H., & Butler, O. E. (2026). An Interview with Octavia E. Butler. Callaloo, 44(1), 139-140.
[9] Ibid, 140.
[10] Behrent, Megan. “THE PERSONAL IS HISTORICAL: SLAVERY, BLACK POWER, AND RESISTANCE IN OCTAVIA BUTLER’S KINDRED.” College Literature 46, no. 4 (2019): 40.
[11] Ibid, 19
[12] Butler, Octavia E. Kindred. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004.160
[13] Ibid, 238.
[14] Jackson, Kellie Carter. We refuse: a forceful history of Black resistance, 143.
[15] Behrent, Megan. “THE PERSONAL IS HISTORICAL: SLAVERY, BLACK POWER, AND RESISTANCE IN OCTAVIA BUTLER’S KINDRED.” 20.
[16] Jackson, Kellie Carter. We refuse: a forceful history of Black resistance, 25.
[17] Butler, Octavia E. Kindred. 146.
[18] Ibid, 149.
[19] Ibid, 170.
[20] Ibid, 174.
[21] Ibid, 176.
[22] Southern Poverty Law Center. “Resistance Means More Than Rebellion.”
[23] Butler, Octavia E. Kindred. 119.
[24] Ibid, 160.
[25] Jackson, Kellie Carter. We refuse: a forceful history of Black resistance, 209.
[26] Butler, Octavia E. Kindred. 229.
[27] Jackson, Kellie Carter. We refuse: a forceful history of Black resistance, 221.
[28] Butler, Octavia E. Kindred. 246.
[29] Behrent, Megan. “THE PERSONAL IS HISTORICAL: SLAVERY, BLACK POWER, AND RESISTANCE IN OCTAVIA BUTLER’S KINDRED.” 20.
[30] Ibid, 21-22.
[31] Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro slave revolts. 5th ed. New York: International Publishers, 1987, 142-143.
[32] Morgan, Jennifer L. author. (Jennifer Lyle). Reckoning with Slavery : Gender, Kinship, and Capitalism in the Early Black Atlantic /. Durham [North Carolina] : Duke University Press, 2021 253-254
[33] Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Edited by John W. Blassingame. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. viii
[34] Ibid, 17-18.
[35] Ibid, 18.
[36] Ibid, 42.
[37] Hartle, Keishia. 2026. "Literacy and Confinement: The Mental, Physical, and Social Liberation of the Self through Literacy and Education in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Buck: A Memoir, and the Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man." Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville., 19.
[38] Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 42.
[39] Hartle, Keishia, 20.
[40] Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 48.
[41] Ibid, 48.
[42] Ibid, 48
[43] Terry, Charles. 2022. "A Rebellious Education: Enslaved African Americans and the Fight for Literacy." Order No. 31030097, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. ii.
[44] Grier, Bridget. 2026. "Black History is Black Horror: Traditions of Racial Storytelling Across Time from Frederick Douglass and Ida B. Wells to Black Horror Cinema." 9.
[45] Hartle, Keishia, 20.
[46] Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, 72.
[47] Ibid, 73.
[48] Ibid, 73.
[49] Hinks, Peter P. To awaken my afflicted brethren: David Walker and the problem of antebellum slave resistance. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997, 153-154.
[50] Ibid, 193-194.
[51] Walker, David. David Walker's Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America. Boston, 1829, 30.
[52] Hinks, Peter P. To awaken my afflicted brethren: David Walker and the problem of antebellum slave resistance, 151.
[53] Ibid, 199.
[54] Walker, David. David Walker's Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America, 28.
[55] Hinks, Peter P. To awaken my afflicted brethren: David Walker and the problem of antebellum slave resistance, 198.
[56] Ibid, 224.
[57] Ibid, 226.
[58] Davis, Taiyo W. , 2010. "Early 19th Century Marginalization of David Walker and Nat Turner." Order No. 1480561, Clemson University, 15.
[59] Walker, David. David Walker's Appeal, in Four Articles, 4-5.
[60] Hinks, Peter P. To awaken my afflicted brethren: David Walker and the problem of antebellum slave resistance, xvi.
[61] Walker, David. David Walker's Appeal, in Four Articles, 64.
[62] Davis, Taiyo W. , 2010. "Early 19th Century Marginalization of David Walker and Nat Turner.", 20.
[63] Walker, David. David Walker's Appeal, in Four Articles, 75.
[64] Hinks, Peter P. To awaken my afflicted brethren: David Walker and the problem of antebellum slave resistance, 118.
[65] Ibid, 119.
[66] Ibid, 150.
[67] Ibid, 151.
[68] Ibid, 150.
[69] Ibid, 15.
[70] Davis, Taiyo W. , 2010. "Early 19th Century Marginalization of David Walker and Nat Turner.", 101.
[71] Ibid, 103.
[72] “Read-Aloud Resources.” Accessed July 13, 2026. https://www.literacyworldwide.org/get-resources/read-aloud-resources.
[73] Lynch, Erin. “The Purposes for Multiple Reads in Close Reading Lessons.” Accessed July 13, 2026.https://www.sadlier.com/school/ela-blog/the-purposes-for-multiple-reads-in-close-reading-lessons.
[74] Potash, Betsy. “Hexagonal Thinking: A Colorful Tool for Discussion.” Cult of Pedagogy, September 12, 2020. https://www.cultofpedagogy.com/hexagonal-thinking/.
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