Holmes' Stories - Deduction, Induction, and Truth
One of the more intriguing questions facing teachers today is whether we can teach higher order or critical thinking skills. How do we, or, for that matter, can we get our students to use logic to arrive at empirical truth? Is hermeneutical understanding possible? Some posit that it is virtually impossible to do so if students lack fundamental background knowledge. It is my contention that this is, at its core, a building process where teachers continually lay more and more ground work, eventually having students arrive at a place where they no longer need the guidance of graphic organizers or guided questions. The process is painstakingly slow but if persistence is a guiding light, the rewards are far reaching. A life long learner emerges. With this in mind, the ten stories and one film that follow will be the bricks in this foundation.
Each of these stories will not only focus on using the graphic organizer to figure out exactly what happened and who or what might be at fault but also to investigate some aspect of interpretation inherit in the story.
"The Red-Headed League"
To begin this section of my unit, we will view the 1985, PBS Sherlock Holmes episode of "The Red-Headed League", starring Jeremy Brett, freeze-framing it right before the crime is actually solved. I begin with the use of film as a way of transitioning my students into the heart of the unit in an agreeable way. They are always eager to watch film! After using the following graphic organizer, we will predict, as detectives, the final outcome - "What We Think Happened", and "Why". In viewing this film, we will talk about the relationship between Holmes and Watson; how Watson provides the banal balance to Holmes' austere, detached, and, at times, robotic personality. We will also begin a character study chart on the description of Holmes, including his physical appearance, his idiosyncrasies, his intellectual prowess, and his social maladies. After watching the ending, we will try to figure out where we went wrong and where we seem to use the facts to nail the truth. Vocabulary will be added to our word wall as we proceed. It is important that a Detective Folder be supplied to help organizer their work
The Red-Headed League
(Changes with Story)
Facts of the Case | Who had Means, Motive, and Opportunity | Clues in the Story
This story is set in London. Pawnbroker Jabez Wilson is being paid very large sums of money for simply coming to an office and copying the Encyclopedia Britannica, after answering an advertisement for a membership in the Red-headed League. This, of course, takes him out of his house for an extended period of time each day. Meanwhile, John Clay, also known as Spaulding throughout the story, is in the process of planning a robbery by digging a tunnel from the cellar of the pawnshop to the vault of the bank next door. Naturally Holmes notices the wear and tear on Clay's knees, indicating that he was digging. He also suspects that the robbery will take place on Saturday night because of the dissolution of the Red-Headed League and because of the fact that the banks are closed on nights and Sundays, giving Spaulding unhindered access to the bank. Holmes alerts the police and goes to the bank to await the burglars' entrance into the vault.
"The Speckled Band"
While reading the "The Speckled Band" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as a group, we will keep track of the film questions above, listing all facts and clues on our graphic organizing sheet. The website http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/itl/graphics/apps/scandal.html as well as comments by Rod Mollise found by following the link from http://www.sherlockian.net/canon/stories/scan.html will help in understanding this short story. Again, I will not include the ending until we have decided what really happened. I will also provide them with a crime scene sketch of the country estate found at the website: http://redbirdstudio.com/CrimeScenes/speckled_band.html
There will be two focuses in this story's discourse. One centers on the sociological ramifications of control, women, and money. The second deals with the decoding of the aural and visual images and the interplay between interpretation and imagination.
In the story, Dr. Grimesby Roylott gains and maintains control over his stepdaughters by controlling the purse strings of the family wealth. This was a prevalent practice during this time period and I am sure that my students will engage in a lively debate centering on this issue. Does the saying, "He who holds the purse strings, rules the roost" still hold true today? Intertwined with this, of course, is the issue of male aggression toward and control over females. The second focus will have my students looking at the "sounds" and "images" of the story and the impact of these on our overall reading of the text. Recognizing the low whistling sound heard late at night and the strange metallic clank will heighten their awareness of the language of sound. Decoding the meaning of the visual title, "The Speckled Band," from the apparent reference to the gypsy band that lives on the property to the actual image of the swamp adder will hopefully surprise and delight my students. I shall have them understand how imagination leads us to empathic feelings for Helen while interpretation brings us in a separate direction of analysis and decoding for correct meaning. The fact that the serpent is used as the murderer is also significant. It represents the animality inherit in Roylott and, perhaps, in all of us. In this rough-edged prototype for the genteel country mystery, we see how the idyllic country manor is the setting where guilt needs to be purged, where the serpent needs to be exterminated, and where peace in the region needs to be restored. What the genteel mystery accomplishes is to rid the mystery of its gothic elements.
Helen Stoner seeks Holmes' advice as she explains that her twin sister, Julia, dies of mysterious circumstances. Now her stepfather has requested that she sleep in the same room. Suspecting that something is amiss, Holmes and Watson pay a nocturnal visit to the ancestral home and discover that a snake, a swamp adder, owned by the stepfather, was responsible for Julia's death. As Holmes attacks the snake, it retreats through the ventilator and into Dr. Roylott's room, where he is attacked and killed.
"A Case of Identity"
We now understand that Holmes is an egotistical protagonist whom we should partially dislike. Unfortunately, just like Hugh Laurie's character, Dr. Gregory House, in the Fox TV show, House, you can't dislike him all that much. There is something that draws you to him. In the show, Dr. House has a lone friend, Dr. James Wilson, the "Dr. Watson" of the show. This show was directly inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, the doctor who taught and inspired Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Having my students see the connections between real life and fiction will be another one of those "cool "moments. It is remarkable that Holmes is a genius loner, so too is House; Holmes's lone sidekick is Watson, House's is Wilson; Holmes uses drugs, so too does House, etc. It is for this reason that I will use this comparison in my class. The article, "The Connection Between House and Holmes" found at the website:
http://www.housemd-guide.com/holmesian.php will provide a wonderful comparison for my students. I will assign the viewing of the television show before we complete this chart, then read the article.
Here, again, we will maintain our use the graphic organizer above, listing all the facts of the case as well as the means, motive, and opportunity. Before we begin, I will let the students know that Holmes solves this case almost immediately, challenging them to figure out why he knew the solution so soon into the case. Here we will remind ourselves to beware of a character who leaves the scene during the investigation as is the case with Mary's father. Added to this is the use of disguise. How is it used? Why does it work? A discussion should also ensue about our emotional/imaginative interpretation of Holmes and Watson. We should try to place ownership of this interpretation with a character and, of course, this would be Watson. Holmes is not emotional. He is our encyclopedia, our genius who we look to for the answer. We respect him and want him to solve the problem, but we would hardly attach the word emotional to a sentence spoken by or with Holmes in it.
Turning to our story we find that Miss Mary Sutherland is engaged to a quiet, secretive, and rather peculiar Londoner who has recently disappeared, leaving her at the altar as it were. Her father is not happy with this situation. She is quite well situated financially and comes to Holmes to figure out exactly what happened. Hosmer Angel works in an office in Leadenhall and only communicates with her through typewritten letters. After hearing that her father leaves town at the same time that she is to meet Hosmer, Holmes knows instantly what happens.The interesting part about this story is that Holmes does not tell Mary what really happened, that Hosmer was really her father in disguise. Is this morally or ethically appropriate? Is he obligated to tell the whole truth? What is truth? Protecting the damsel in distress is part of the genteel country mystery.
The Greek Interpreter
This story deals with the ying and yang, the give and take, the black and white, the good son and the bad son; binaries, dichotomies. We are introduced to Holmes' brother, Mycroft who, like Sherlock, is endowed with remarkable intellectual powers. It is in this story that we find out that Mycroft may be Holmes' deductive superior and yet Mycroft is lazy and apathetic, rarely using his talents. Holmes is thin and gawky, Mycroft is much larger, stouter, and corpulent. It is a story where part of the intrigue comes from the fact that Melas, the interpreter, can manipulate the scene because he speaks in two languages.
He is kidnapped and brought to a house that is poorly lit but quite big. In the carriage he is threatened with a bludgeon but is promised "I will make it up to you." There are brother and sister victims. It is my hope that, along with continuing to complete the graphic organizer, my students will be able to identify all the dichotomies that are evidenced in the story.
Mr Melas, a Greek interpreter, approaches Mycroft Holmes and tells him a story about Harold Latimer and his business matters. Soon Melas realizes that he is being kidnapped. Arriving at the house, Melas is placed in a room where another man is brought in bound. The differences in languages present both an obstacle and advantage as Latimer tries to get Kratides to sign over his sister's property. In the end, as Melas and Kratides are bound in a closed room, Holmes and Watson come to save the day. The dichotomy is again evident as we find Kratides dead and Melas able to recover. In an epilogistic paragraph, we discover that the dichotomy ends. Apparently the two villains had been stabbed to death.
"A Scandal in Bohemia"
As we begin this next Holmes story, I will focus on three concepts. The first is Holmes' powers of observation. These powers are truly illuminated as the story begins. At the onset, I will tell my students that Holmes realizes that Watson has gained weight and has begun practicing medicine again. Before we read, I will ask my class to speculate on what clues Holmes might have observed in order to make these deductions. This information will be placed on our graphic organizer for this story. We will then read to actually hear Holmes's shrewd explanation. It is also in the first section that Holmes expresses a warning, one that normally guide his thoughts. Conan has Holmes falter in this story and the question is, "Why?"
"It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts"
The second focus centers around the King, disguised as Count Von Kramm. Here, the costume is used to cloak the truth, yet Doyle exposes it through a thorough description of his attire. Decoding of Doyle's visual language will be emphasized as we read. Holmes also uncovers the secret to the note because of his astute observation and knowledge of paper. The paper is expensive, holds a monogram woven into the texture of the paper, and due to his knowledge of such matters, he is able to say with certainty that the paper was made in Bohemia. All this before he even sets his eyes on the King. Again we see how detection is our selection of visual perceptions. Holmes sees the Gestalt, the total picture. Watson is not good at this at all. We call him the stupid friend. A reminder of the connection between Dr. Joseph Bell and Doyle as seen through the eyes of Holmes should be mentioned. The "scandal" is being masked within a photo. It is a cabinet photograph that stands in the way of the King's happiness and a scandal that would ruin his life- just one thin piece of paper, a deadly picture of a woman. How thinly it is veiled. It is in this part of the story that we also see a most interesting incident. Holmes breaks the law and Watson aids and abets him in order to obtain that crucial piece of evidence. Does Holmes risk everything because he is blinded by love? Hopefully my students will recognize its significance.
The last and most important focus is on the female character, Irene Adler. In general, there is a somewhat condescending attitude toward women in the Holmes stories but this is one of the few instances where Holmes is outwitted, and by a woman! Coincidentally, it is at this time in Doyle's life that people noticed an incomprehensible schism in his personality (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate 8). This is not just any woman. The story starts with the line, "To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman" and ends with "Your Majesty has something which I value even more highly," said Holmes. "You have but to name it." "This photograph!"(of Irene Adler). . . "And when he speaks of Irene Adler, or when he refers to her photograph, it is always under the honorable title of the woman."
In the beginning, Holmes is visited by a masked gentleman who turns out to be the King of Bohemia. He wants Holmes to recover a photo that, if revealed, would ruin him. Holmes and Watson go to her house and attempt to recover the photo by setting up a false alarm fire. Holmes discovers the hiding place and vows to return in the morning. Going home, Holmes hears a voice say, "Good Night, Mr. Holmes." Had he been on his game he would have realized that Miss Adler and Godfrey Norton were taking the photo and leaving town. She leaves Holmes a note saying that she wasn't fooled by him, that she really loves Godfrey so the king needn't worry, and that it was she who bid him goodnight.
"The Final Problem"
Moriarty, the nemesis of Holmes, and his gang are near capture. Holmes asks Watson to hide his tracks to Victoria Station as they prepare to travel to the Continent. Holmes shows up disguised as an Italian priest. As we read this story, I will introduce the idea that a clue might be seen as a little oddity or a misplaced action in the story. This action doesn't seem to fit and may be so insignificant that it fails to matter at the moment. It may be so small, in fact, that it may be hidden in the flurry of actions, or juxtaposed with other seemingly more important facts, that you totally disregard or overlook it. Watson finds the circumstances of this journey odd. This is just the kind of clue my students should be looking for. Also in this story are many of the conventions or the exceptions to the conventions listed above. I will use this opportunity to have my students find these conventions, keeping in mind the use of the graphic organizer of facts and clues.
After asking Watson to travel to the Continent, Holmes climbs over Watson's garden wall. (Oddity- foreshadowing fear and doom on Holmes' part?) The next day Holmes shows up disguised as a priest and watches Moriarty on the platform as they leave the station. (Fear builds.) Watson has been shadowed so a change in route is necessary. As they wait for a train to Newhaven, Moriarty shows up. (Holmes is on the run.) They hide behind some luggage. A letter is received by Holmes informing him that most of Moriarty's gang has been arrested. (A slight sense of reprieve.) From here they travel to Switzerland and decide to visit Reichenbach Falls. On this excursion a young boy arrives with an urgent message requesting that Dr. Watson return to the hotel to attend to a sick patient, leaving Holmes at the falls alone. Watson returns to the hotel only to find that no such patient exists. By the time he makes the return trip to the Falls, Holmes and Moriarty have fallen to their death. You are left to imagine the battle that ensues between Holmes and his archetypal villain, Moriarty. Thus the FINAL problem! The letter left by Holmes could actually be seen as a suicide letter. The odd thing is that we aren't really sure that he is dead because the bodies were never recovered. Although, at the time, Doyle wants nothing more to do with Holmes, this is the opening he needs to bring Holmes back.
"The Adventure of the Empty House"
Although the story is well crafted, I am going to ask my students to be especially critical of the plausibility of Holmes return. It's my intention to start this story by first prompting by students to suggest different ways in which they would explain the return of Holmes. How could he have possibly made it out of the last story alive? This would be a journaling exercise. We will then read to discover how Doyle decides to accomplish it. As the story begins, we find that the Honorable Ronald Adair, who doesn't appear to have an enemy in the world, is dead. Ronald was sitting in his room, working on accounts of some kind when this seemingly motiveless murder occurred. Robbery was ruled out as nothing was stolen. It would be here that I would remind my students to look for the anomaly. What are the things that are a little off? Again we will record the facts, the clues, and our hypothesis. Outside the Adair house, a deformed book collector bumps into Watson and drops his books. A clue appears here. One of the books that Watson picks up was called The Origin of Tree Worship, an obscure book. He mentions that only a bibliophile would be interested in it. This, of course, is a hobby of Holmes. We learn later that this is indeed Holmes. As we listen to his account of what happened that fateful day, we can return to our predictions and check to see who was correct. Since we find out that only two people knew that Holmes was still alive, one of them Moran, the guilty party in Adair's death, and Mycroft, Holmes' brother, we are left to wonder about the rationale of his purported death. His statement, "It was all-important that it should be thought I was dead," makes little sense. The gang would have to continued to seek him out. The scene where Doyle describes the empty house and the bust across the street should be read with care. I would question whether my students believed that Holmes and the would-be murderer could be in the same room trying to carry out the nefarious deed.
As the story begins, we are told by Doyle that the murder room was locked from the inside. Ronald Adair is dead. A special air-gun was used in the murder. We are next surprised to learn that Holmes is still alive and that Watson will accompany him on a dangerous mission. We are also brought back to 221B Baker Street, nostalgia and the sense of balance during the good old days is felt. Moran, who threw rocks at Holmes before he escapes the falls, is given one last chance to kill Holmes. He attempts this with an air-gun, the exact gun that killed Ronald Adair. The "Holmes" he kills is actually a perfectly formed bust of Holmes that was placed strategically near the window at the Baker Street apartment. The motive for killing Adair is left unclear, although Holmes believes Adair caught Moran cheating at cards and had threatened to expose him.
"The Adventure of the Dancing Men"
This story will be freeze-framed several times during our reading; as usual, right before the "cards are laid out on the table" and we are left to use our organizers to figure out exactly what happened, but also after Doyle lets us in on the fact that Holmes's deduction that the figures represent a one-to one codified relationship and not merely a child's stick figure drawing. Kids love puzzles, so I think this encrypted story will be especially fun. Its placement at this period in the unit is important because the deciphering hook will re-energize them as we go into the home stretch. It's a story that reaches across the pond for its scoundrel.
Mr. Hilton Cubitt presents Holmes with an interesting case about his American wife and her fright at the introduction of a childish prank. They have been married for only a year but the condition of their marriage is that he will not ask about her past. Cubitt swears he won't and being an honorable Englishman, he doesn't. At first, she receives a letter from an American, which she promptly throws into the fire. With each occurrence, she becomes more and more terrified. Holmes asks that Cubitt save all future communiqués. Holmes uses his logician's mind and realizes it is a substitution cipher. He quickly goes to the manor to find Cubitt dead and his wife gravely wounded. It appears to be an attempted murder-suicide. Holmes makes mental notes of all the clues: a large sum of money, a bullet hole in the windowsill, making it three bullets used in the crime, yet only two bullets dislodged from the revolver's chamber, and a trampled flowerbed with a bullet case on the ground. Naturally, Holmes's view of the case is different from that of the local inspector, who believes Mrs. Cubitt is the prime suspect. Holmes understands that there is a third party involved and has been able to decipher enough of some messages to figure out the next locale he needs to visit. Holmes sends a message, of course written in dancing men, to the Elrige Farm with Cubitt's stable boy. While Holmes is explaining how he cracked the code, the murderer, Abe Slaney, shows up and is seized at the door. Slaney gives a full confession and all the missing pieces of the love affair come to bear.
"The Solitary Cyclist"
Dualities will be featured of The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist, beginning with the introduction of Miss Violet Smith and her mother. Very quickly we find that two of the scoundrels are Mr. Carruthers and Mr. Woodley, one being a very pleasant man, the other a churl and a bully. There are two men who take care of them- the husband who just passed away and the uncle from Africa who is supposedly looking to step into the role. There are two people riding bikes on the country road, the two love interests Carruthers and Cyril Morton, Woodley and Williamson living at Charlington Hall, and, of course, there are Holmes and Watson. When my students take a look at the violence and aggression mentioned in the story they will also find duality. The violence in the pub is real but, in the scene on the path where Carruthers (the strange cyclists who follows 200 yards behind) approaches with the gun, they soon realize that they are on the same side, another ying/yang observation. A final act of violence is presented at the forced wedding scene, where two people are being united but one is clearly an unwilling participant. My students will have fun trying to locate these dualities.
The Smiths have just lost a father and husband. Shockingly an advertisement is placed in the paper looking for relatives of a Ralph Smith. This was odd because Ralph has been in Africa and has not been heard from in 25 years. Upon answering the ad, Violet and her mother discover that Ralph, a long lost uncle, has learned of his brother's death and feels compelled to take care of his family. Carruthers offers Violet a music position in the country and she agrees to take it because it is double the salary and she will have the opportunity to visit mom on the weekends.
We soon discover that Carruthers is in love with her, that someone follows her on the country road, and that there are more people involved in this plot then first meets the eye. This is the organized crime of a gang of men trying to swindle an inheritance from unsuspecting women.
"The Six Napoleons"
The number six played a central role in the life of Napoleon Bonparte. It would be
somewhat interesting to give a little historical background especially about the
significance of the number six. Napoleon's crest displayed a gold number 6 surrounded
with laurels and crown. In 1813, the sixth coalition defeated his military forces at
Leipzig. The Second Napoleonic rule, now known as the Hundred Days, was cut short by his defeat at Waterloo on June 18, 1815. Napoleon spent the remaining six years of his life on the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean under British supervision. Finally, in the British television series, The Prisoner, a character named Number Six was said to have a Napoleon Complex (The Girl Who Was Death 1). My students will love these tidbits of information.
In the story, Chief Inspector Lestrade of Scoltland Yard focuses all his attention on a murder while Holmes is off trying to discover who is going around smashing busts of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Whom do we follow? Who is right? We have already seen a story where Holmes gets outsmarted by Irene Adler in "A Scandal in Bohemia." Was it a dangerous homicidal lunatic with Napoleonic delusions or was it a member of the Italian Mafia? A discussion of what the Italian Mafia represents should be addressed. I believe my students will be able to solve this case early on in the story, in terms of knowing what happened, but as to who did it and why, that might be another story. They will have to read to the end. Our focus for this story will be finding the evidence of violence as we read about organized crime. We will continue to fill in our graphic organizer.
The story begins with information that busts of Napoleon are discovered stolen from various locations in town then smashed, usually elsewhere. There appears to be nothing else taken so robbery isn't considered a motive. The busts were crafted from one mould, so a monomaniac seems to be responsible and on the loose. But smashing is not enough. The next destruction is accompanied by the murder of Pietro Venucci, a member of the Mafia, whose window seems to be the entry point for the burglar. A picture of an apish-looking man is found in his pocket. Venucci's bust is found up the street under a street lamp, so Holmes believes the murderer wanted to see what was inside. Harker, a local journalist, is asked by Holmes to print that the culprit is a luniatic. Holmes goes on a mission to find out all he can about the busts. After tracking down all leads, they catch and arrest Beppo, an Italian who worked in the shop where the busts were crafted. Holmes purchases the last remaining bust, smashes it, and finds the Black Pearl of the Borgias inside. He learns that Beppo has gotten the pearl from Venucci and was forced to hide it inside one of the busts as he worked.
"The Problem of Thor Bridge" - Inspiration from a real life German case?
As I begin this story it is my intention to show my students a brief excerpt about Richard Green. Stories like these from the recent past help my students connect to our readings. Making these connections is crucial. In 2004 the rediscovered papers of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle were put up for auction. In the weeks before the auction, Richard Lancelyn Green, a notable authority on Holmes, began acting very strangely. He believed that Jean Conan, Arthur's daughter, really wanted the British Library to have these papers so he tried to stop the auction. Green really felt that an American was following him. He was discovered dead, victim of from an elaborate suicide that was intended to look like a murder (Richard Lancelyn Green 1) Many say that the evidence in this death has the overtones of "The Problem of Thor Bridge."
A focus of this story will be the creation of a map of the grand old manor and the Thor Bridge using the descriptions from the story as a guide. This, of course, is another type of exercise in reading for information. The website http://redbirdstudio.com/CrimeScenes/thor_bridge.html has an exact map of the area which can be shown to my students once they have drawn their own. This coupled with our graphic organizer will really be important as we try to figure out what happened. This is a story where the ending is so bizarre that I do not feel my students will be able to deduce what happened. This is a case where the purported facts are stranger than fiction.
Former Senator Neil Gibson, the Gold King from "some Western State" in the United States, sends a note to Holmes asking him to help clear the name of a Miss Dunbar in the case of his wife's murder. He implores Holmes saying that it is making him crazy. Holmes realizes that Gibson is in love with Maria Dunbar. Again, in this story, my students should realize that the oddities are what lead to the resolution. How and why would a person who just committed a murder so blatantly and rationally, then take the murder weapon and place it in her wardrobe? If there were two identical pistols, why didn't Mr. Gibson have the second one? Was the note important and why does Holmes find a chip in the bridge so important? The solution is astounding and I know my students my students will boo the ending. We will then revisit the case of Richard Green for comparison.
Culminating Activity
The culminating activity will be the creation of a game based on three reading abilities:
- Game A. (knowledge/comprehension based) Less proficient readers
- Game B. (application/analysis) Grade level readers
- Game C. (Synthesis/Evaluation) Advanced readers
Students will create a "Go to the Head of the Class" style game where factual questions, using information from the Holmes stories, are asked and players move along the board, the first to reach the head of the class being the winner My students will be asked to write a series of 100 questions to be word processed and placed in a book. In a separate prepared booklet, they will have to supply the answers to these same questions. The rules for this game can be found at: http://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/GoTotheHeadoftheClass.PDF
My students, as a group, will develop a cast of ten characters, similar to those in the game of "Clue, Master Detective" They will then each develop three crime episodes, placing the solution on a separate card. These episodes need to contain as many facts as possible in order to formulate an accusation after reading. A sample should be supplied to the students. (This is basically a complete plot summary) Playing the game consists of a judge reading the crime episode to the players, having them write down who they think is guilty, with the reasons for their accusation.
After independently playing the Game CSI: Senses Game and using it as a model, my students will create a game where stories by Doyle are used to fashion six new cases of deductive /inductive reasoning. They will have to create evidence cards, interrogation cards, crime scene sketch cards, audio/visual lab cards, etc. The rules can be found at: http://www.playsbg.com/pdf/CSI%20Senses_Extended%20Game%20Play%20Rules.pdf
Finally, for those students who might be excited by these stories, extra credit could be given for:
- The invention of a piece of detective fiction.
- Reading additional stories, perhaps from The Oxford Book of American Detective Stories and providing proof of analysis.
- Changing the ending of one or more of the stories we read.
Comments: