Bibliography
Resources
Burns, David. 2009. Did you ask a good question today?
http://www.davidbburns.com/articles/Did%20You%20Ask%20A%20Good%20Question%20Today.pdf (accessed July 11, 2010).
This is a short article about the importance of asking questions in the real world, beginning with an anecdote about Nobel Prize winner Isidor Rabi.
CDC. Global HIV/AIDS Activities Swaziland. http://www.cdc.gov/globalaids/countries/Swaziland/ (accessed July 5, 2010).
This Web site has statistics and information about the AIDS crisis in Swaziland.
Dawkins, Richard. 2006. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford UP. Print.
This book proposes a possible origin of life and frames a gene-driven view of existence, where everything we do is for the sole purpose of propagating our genes.
Dewsbury, Donald A. 1999. The proximate and the ultimate: past, present, and future. Behavioural Processes 46: 189-199.
This journal article is a scientific literature review about the use of proximate and ultimate approaches to science over time.
Freeman & Herron. 2007. Evolutionary Analysis. Pearson, Prentice-Hall.
This textbook is a good foundation for the processes of evolution and contains examples that help students visualize the causes and effects of evolution.
Galvani AP and M. Slatkin. 2003. Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance allele. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (25): 1527615279.
This journal article discusses the results of a study that concludes that the high rates of the CCR5 allele in Europeans is more likely due to smallpox rather than the plague.
Gene Gateway. HBB: The Gene Associated with Sickle Cell Anemia. 2003. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/hbb.shtml (accessed July 13, 2010).
This Web site is a good introduction to how the HBB allele affects the body in sickle cell anemia.
Gould, S. J., and Lewontin, R. C. 1979. The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A critique of the Adaptationist Programme. Proceedings Of The Royal Society of London 205: 581-598.
This journal article challenges the adaptationist tendency to assert that all traits are a result of natural selection—scientists need to actually prove it first, since some traits are simply a result of evolutionary compromises.
Hedrick, P. W. and B. C. Verrelli. 2006. 'Ground truth' for selection on CCR5-Δ32. Trends in Genetics 22 (6): 293296.
This journal article discusses the results of a study about the selective forces acting on the CCR5 mutation in Europeans.
Lewontin, Richard. 2000. The Triple Helix: Gene, Organism, and Environment. Cambridge: Harvard UP.
This book discusses the importance of examining traits through the lenses of both nature and nurture, since both play a role in the expression of traits.
Lucotte, G. 2002. Frequencies of 32 base pair deletion of the (Δ32) allele of the CCR5 HIV-1 co-receptor gene in Caucasians: a comparative analysis. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 1: 201-205.
This journal article discusses the results of a study about the frequency of the CCR5 gene in various populations.
Mayr, E., 1961. Cause and effect in biology. Science 134: 15011506.
This journal article lays the groundwork for examining traits from both a proximate and an ultimate point of view. This is illustrated by exploring four types of causes that resulted in a bird flying south for the winter.
Neel, Caroline. Termite Trails. October 2000.
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/resourc/tcherpln/termtrails.htm (accessed July 15, 2010).
This Web site explains how to do an inquiry-based lab involving live termites.
Nesse, R.M. and G.C. Williams. 1994. Why we get sick. New York: Vintage Books.
This book is an excellent introduction to the field of evolutionary medicine and the usefulness of asking both ultimate and proximate questions about human health.
Sabeti, P. 2008. Natural selection: Uncovering mechanisms of evolutionary adaptation to infectious disease. Nature Education 1.
This article discusses the selection for malaria resistance and has a great color-coded map of malaria prevalence across the world.
Sapolsky, Robert M. 1994. Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers: a Guide to Stress, Stress Related Diseases, and Coping. New York: W.H. Freeman.
This is an excellent book that discusses the evolutionary reasons behind various human traits.
Tinbergen, N. 1963. On aims and methods of ethology. Z. Tierpsychol. 20: 410-433.
This is the journal article where Niko Tinbergen lays out his proximate and ultimate approaches to studying animal behavior.
Trevathan, W.R. 2007. Evolutionary medicine. Annual Review of Anthropology 36: 139-155.
This journal article gives background information on the field of evolutionary medicine.
UNAIDS. Epidemiology slides: 2009 AIDS epidemic update.
http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/Epidemiology/2009_epislides.asp (accessed July 10, 2010).
This website has useful data about the worldwide AIDS epidemic.
Weizmann Institute of Science. Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5. 2010. http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ccr5 (accessed July 6, 2010).
This is an excerpt about the CCR5 gene from a gene database.
World Health Organization. Malaria. 2007.
http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section21/Section334.htm (accessed July 11, 2010).
This website contains good background information about malaria.
Zeifman, D.M. 2001. An ethological analysis of human infant crying: Answering Tinbergen's four questions. Developmental Psychobiology 39: 265-285.
This journal article discusses the causes of human crying from Tinbergen's four subsets of proximate and ultimate causes.
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