Bibliography
Bakis, Maureen. The Graphic Novel Classroom: POWerful Teaching and Learning with Images. Corwin Press. 2011.
Coleman, D., and S. Pimentel. "Revised Publishers' Criteria for the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts and Literacy, Grades 3–12." Common Core State Standards Initiative. www.corestandards.org/assets/Publishers_Criteria_for_3-12.pdf (accessed July 13, 2013).Comments by creators of the Common Core standards which shed light on the "frontloading" controversy; this is the revised version softening the original language against pre-reading.
Coleman, David. "Close Reading of a Text: MLK's 'Letter from Birmingham Jail.'" Middle school ELA curriculum video. engageny.org/resource/middle-school-ela- curriculum-video-close-reading-of-a-text-mlk- letter-from-birmingham-jail (accessed June 15, 2013).This demonstration of Coleman's recommended techniques for teaching reading of complex text avoids frontloading.
Ehlers, M. G. "'No Pictures in My Head': The Uses of Literature in the Development of Historical Understanding."OAH Magazine of History13, no. 2 (1999): 5-9.
Fisher, Douglas, and Nancy Frey. "Close Reading in Elementary Schools."Reading Teacher66 (2012): 170-188.
Iaccarino, Anthony. "The Founding Fathers and Slavery." In The Encyclopedia Britannica Copyright 2013. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1269536/The-Founding-Fathers-and-Slavery (accessed July 30, 2013).
Gewertz, Catherine. "Common Core's Focus on 'Close Reading' Stirs Worries."Education Week: February 8, 2012 and another April 24, 2012.
Hibbing, Anne Nielsen, and Joan Rankin-Erickson. "A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words: Using Visual Images to Improve Comprehension for Middle School Struggling Readers."The Reading Teacher56, no. 8 (2003): 758-770
Hinchman, Kathleen, and David Moore. "Close Reading: A Cautionary Interpretation."Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy56 (2013): 6
Newkirk, Thomas.The art of slow reading: six time-honored practices for engagement. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2012.
Newkirk, T. "The Text Itself: Some Thought on the Common Core Standards for English Language Arts." (2012) www.heinemann.com/pd/journal/TheTextItself_Newkirk_Essay_S12.pdf (accessed June 20, 2013). Newkirk says the "text itself" is never considered without outside connections; the mandates on close reading of the text will fail.
Peery, Angela. "Reading for the Future: How the Common Core Will Change Instruction." The NERA Journal 48:2 (2013): 1-9.
Porter-Magee, Kathleen. "Teach Like a Champion versus the Common Core: Do pre-reading activities help or hurt struggling students?" Common Core Watch. Thomas B. Fordham Institute Website. February 3, 2012. http://www.edexcellence.net/commentary/education-gadfly-daily/common-core-watch/2012/teach-like-a-champion-versus-the-Common-Core.html (accessed May 2013).
Sandler, Susan and Zaretta Hammond. "Text and Truth: Reading, Student Experience, and the Common Core." Phi Delta Kappan. 94.4 (2012): 58-61.
Serafini, Frank. "Expanding Perspectives for Comprehending Visual Images in Multimodal Texts." Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 54:5 (2011): 342-350.
Shanahan, T. "Practical guidance on pre-reading lessons." Shanahan on Literacy. www.shanahanonliteracy.com/2012/03/part-2-practical-guidance-on-pre.html (accessed June 15, 2013).Comments by creators of the Common Core standards which shed light on the "frontloading" controversy; this is the revised version softening the original language against pre-reading.
______. "The Common Core Ate My Baby And Other Urban Legends."Educational Leadership70: 4 (2012): 11-16.
Wilson, Donna. "Training the Mind's Eye: 'Brain Movies' Support Comprehension and Recall." Reading Teacher 66:3 (2012): 189-194.
Youngs, Suzette. "Understanding History through the Visual Images in Historical Fiction." Language Arts 89:6 (2012). 379-395. Thorough and thoughtful study of middle-school students reading historical picture books for visual and literary elements.
Youngs S. and F. Serafini, "Comprehension Strategies for Reading Historical Fiction Picturebooks," The Reading Teacher 65:2 (2011): 115-124.
Revolutionary War History Resources
Ambrose, Stephen. "Founding Fathers and Slaveholders." Smithsonian Magazine November, 2012. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Flawed_Founders.html (accessed August 1, 2013). This article examines the contradictions of our "flawed founders" attitudes and behaviors regarding slavery, starting with Thomas Jefferson who penned, "All men are created equal," then continued to hold humans as his slaves.
Anderson, Laurie Halse, Chains, New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2008. National Book Award Finalist first book in a projected historical fiction trilogy, told from the point of view of Isabel, a young escaped slave.
______. Forge, New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2010. Second book in the trilogy is told from the point of view of Isabel's companion, Curzon, a teen Revolutionary War soldier who is also an escaped slave.
______. "My Conflicted Relationship with George Washington." Laurie Halse Anderson Blog. Entry dated: July 4, 2013. www.madwomanintheforest.com. (accessed July 21, 2013). Rambling, funny, thought-provoking entry by the author of Forge about the contradictions of Washington as both a slave-owner and freedom fighter.
"Benjamin Rush" and "Portrait of Benjamin Rush," from WGBH: Africans in America. 1999. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/
Johnson, C., P. Smith, and the WGBH Series Research Team. "Fighting for Britain in the American Revolution." In Slavery in American: A Historical Reader. Nextext. 2001.
Schama, Simon. Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution. Vintage Books, 2009. The story of the African-Americans during and after the Revolutionary War who turned to the British for the promise of freedom, resettling in Nova Scotia and then Sierra Leone. See also the BBC/WNET docudrama of same name.
"Valley Forge National Historical Park," National Park Service. www.nps.gov/vafo/
Images Resources:
The Granger Collection. George Washington the Farmer, Lithograph after a painting by J. Stearns, 1853, also in an article by S. Ambrose, "Founding Fathers and Slaveholders" (see above), shows Washington in a field overseeing slaves; George Washington Skipping the Rope for Exercise, Pen-and-ink drawing, 1888, showing a slave holding the rope; N. Currier, Washington at Mount Vernon, 1852, on horseback with slave field hands; President Washington and his Servant; and Edward Savage, George Washington Family, painting, 1796. The archives are fascinating, but images are not free to use.
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Trumbull, John. George Washington, 1780. Also in http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/maps/portraits/trumbull.htmland (accessed August 1, 2013). This is a standing portrait of Washington with his slave valet, William "Billy" Lee, shadowed behind him. Email for access to the collections, iap@artstor.org.
Yale University Art Collection, John Trumbull paintings: The Battle of Bunker Hill, 1786, in which several African American soldiers are depicted; The Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, 1786, representing 48 of the 56 signers, and General George Washington at Trenton, 1792, a noble portrait; David Edwin after Rembrandt Peale, Apotheosis of Washington, etching, 1800, an unintentionally humorous depiction of Washington as a saint on a billowing cloud; Ralph Earl, Major General Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus, Baron Von Steuben, painting, 1786, Von Steuben appears in Forge; Paul Revere, The Bloody Massacre Perpetrated in King Street Boston, hand colored engraving, 1770, illustration for The Boston Gazette which depicts the first casualty, freed slave Crispus Attucks, as a white man; and Amos Doolittle, Brother Jonathan Administering a Salutary Cordial to John Bull, etching, 1813, cartoon characters representing the relationship of the British and Americans after the war. http://ecatalogue.art.yale.edu/search.htm. This collection is readily searchable.
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