Manipulating Biology: Costs, Benefits and Controversies

Endnotes

1. Tanno et al., “How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated? How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated? On the Position on the Ear and Environmental.”
2. (Balter 2007 p. 1830)
3. Weiss and Zohary, “The Neolithic Southwest Asian Founder Crops.”
4. Driscoll, Macdonald, and O’Brien, “From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets, an Evolutionary View of Domestication.”
5. (Driscoll, Macdonald, and O’Brien 2009)
6. (Driscoll, Macdonald, and O’Brien 2009, p 9971)
7. Kareiva et al., “Domesticated Nature: Shaping Landscapes and Ecosystems for Human Welfare.”
8. Zimmer, She Has Her Mother’s Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity.
9. Doudna and Charpentier, “Genome Editing. The New Frontier of Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9.”
10. Genetech, “First Successful Bacterial Production of Human Hormone Announced.”
11. Shui et al., “The Rise of CRISPR/Cas for Genome Editing in Stem Cells.”
12. Ledford, “CRISPR, THE DISRUPTOR.”
13. Ishino et al., “Nucleotide Sequence of the Iap Gene, Responsible for Alkaline Phosphatase Isozyme Conversion in Escherichia Coli, and Identification of the Gene Product.”
14. Palindromes are sequences of base pairs that read the same in both directions: for example, the sequence GGTTGG: or CCAACC are palindromes.
15. Bhaya, Davison, and Barrangou, “CRISPR-Cas Systems in Bacteria and Archaea: Versatile Small RNAs for Adaptive Defense and Regulation.”
16. Thurtle-Schmidt and Lo, “Molecular Biology at the Cutting Edge: A Review on CRISPR/CAS9 Gene Editing for Undergraduates.”
17. Martinez-Lage, “CRISPR/Cas9 Technology: Applications and Human Disease Modeling.”
18. Lya, “Expanded Human Gene Tally Reignites Debate.”
19. Pukkila, “Molecular Biology: The Central Dogma.”
20. Hsu, Lander, and Zhang, “Development and Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Engineering.”
21. (Khatodia, Bhatotia, and Tuteja 2017 p.274)
22. Soyk et al., “Bypassing Negative Epistasis on Yield in Tomato Imposed by a Domestication Gene.”
23. Yin et al., “In Vivo Excision of HIV-1 Provirus by SaCas9 and Multiplex Single-Guide RNAs in Animal Models.”
24. Ledford, “CRISPR, THE DISRUPTOR.”
25. Guernet and Grumolato, “CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the Genome for Cancer Modeling.”
26. (National Academy of Science 2016)
27. (National Academy of Science 2016 p.18)
28. K.Oye, K.Estevez, “Regulating Gene Drives.”
29. Noble et al., “Current CRISPR Gene Drive Systems Are Likely to Be Highly Invasive in Wild Populations.”
30. Ledford, “CRISPR, THE DISRUPTOR.”
31. (National Academy of Science 2016 p.24)
32. Shin et al., CRISPR/Cas9 Targeting Events Cause Complex Deletions and Insertions at 17 Sites in the Mouse Genome.”
33. Ma et al., “Correction of a Pathogenic Gene Mutation in Human Embryos.”
34. Chen et al., “A Method for the Production and Expedient Screening of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Non-Transgenic Mutant Plants.”
35. USDA, “Secretary Perdue Issues USDA Statement on Plant Breeding Innovation | USDA.”
36. Regalado, “These Are Not Your Father’s GMOs - MIT Technology Review.”
37. Rodriguez, “Ethical Issues in Genome Editing Using Crispr/Cas9 System.”
38. K.Oye, K.Estevez, “Regulating Gene Drives.”
39. National Academy of Science, “Gene Drives on the Horizon Board on Life Sciences DIVISION ON EARTH AND LIFE STUDIES.”