American Democracy and the Promise of Justice

Endnotes

1. Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 63
2. Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 11
3. Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: the History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality (New York : Knopf, 2004), 318
4. Elaine Woo. “Kenneth Clark 90; His Studies Influenced Ban on Segregation.” The Los Angeles Times, May 3, 2005.
5. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Opinion; May 17, 1954; Records of the Supreme Court of the United States; Record Group 267; National Archives.
6. Damon Freeman, “Kenneth B. Clark and the Problem of Power.” Patterns of Prejudice, 42:4-5 (2008): 413-437, DOI: 10.1080/00313220802377362
7. Richard Rothstein. “Truth As Well As Reconciliation.” Economic Policy Institute’s Working Economics Blog. December 12, 2013. https://www.epi.org/blog/truth-reconciliation/.
8. Richard Rothstein. “What Have We - De Facto Racial Isolation or De Jure Segregation.” Human Rights Magazine 40, no. 3 (2014)
9. Richard Rothstein. “Truth As Well As Reconciliation.” Economic Policy Institute’s Working Economics Blog. December 12, 2013. https://www.epi.org/blog/truth-reconciliation/.
10. Richard Rothstein. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government
11. Richard Rothstein. “Truth As Well As Reconciliation.” Economic Policy Institute’s Working Economics Blog. December 12, 2013. https://www.epi.org/blog/truth-reconciliation/.
12. Wendy Jacobson. “Textbooks Promote Myth of De Facto Segregation.” Zinn Education Project (blog post) January 5, 2016. https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/textbooks-housing-segregation/
13. Amy Tikkanen. “Great Migration” Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/
14. Hana Layson and Kenneth Warren. “Chicago and the Great Migration, 1915–1950” Newberry Library Digital Collections. https://dcc.newberry.org/collections/chicago-and-the-great-migration
15. ibid.
16. Eve L. Ewing. Ghosts in the Schoolyard: Racism and School Closings on Chicago’s South Side. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018), 61
17. Robert Loerzel. “Blood in the Streets,” Chicago Magazine, July 23, 2019. http://www.chicagomag.
18. Gilmore, Gerry J. "African-Americans Continue Tradition of Distinguished Service," United States Army. February 2, 2007, https://www.army.mil/article/1681/african_americans_continue_tradition_of_
19. Ursula Wolfe-Rocca, “The Red Summer of 1919, Explained“ Teen Vogue, April 8, 2019, https://
20. Richard Rothstein. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government
21. Vinson, Fred Moore, and Supreme Court Of The United States. U.S. Reports: Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1. 1947. Periodical. https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep334001/.
22. Sanford, Edward Terry, and Supreme Court Of The United States. U.S. Reports: Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323. 1925. Periodical. https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep271323/.
23. Federal Housing Administration. Underwriting Manual (1936) https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=
24. “Understanding Fair Housing,” U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Clearinghouse Publication 42, February 1973. (PDF) https://www2.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr11042.pdf
25. Natalie Y. Moore. The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016)
26. Natalie Y. Moore. The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation. (New York:St. Martin’s Press, 2016)
27. Natalie Y. Moore. The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation. (New York:St. Martin’s Press, 2016)
28. Vinson, Fred Moore, and Supreme Court Of The United States. U.S. Reports: Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1. 1947. Periodical. https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep334001/.
29. Richard Rothstein. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government
30. Richard Rothstein. “Truth As Well As Reconciliation.” Economic Policy Institute’s Working Economics Blog. December 12, 2013. https://www.epi.org/blog/truth-reconciliation/.
31. Federal Housing Administration. Underwriting Manual (1936) https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=
32. William B. Gwinner and Anthony Sanders. “The Sub Prime Crisis: Implications for Emerging Markets.” The World Bank. 2008. (PDF) http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/84947
33. Jacob W. Faber (2013) Racial Dynamics of Subprime Mortgage Lending at the Peak, Housing Policy Debate, 23:2, 328-349, DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.771788
34. Richard Rothstein. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government
35. National Association of Real Estate Boards. Code of Ethics. (1924) https://www.nar.realtor/ about-nar/history/1924-code-of-ethics
36. Richard Rothstein. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government
37. Richard Rothstein. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government
38. Rebecca Burns. “The Infamous Practice of Contract Selling is Back in Chicago,” Chicago Reader, March 01, 2017 https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/contract-selling-redlining-housing-
39. Beryl Satter. Family Properties: How the Struggle Over Race and Real Estate Transformed Chicago and Urban America. (New York: Picador, 2009), 4
40. Beryl Satter. Family Properties: How the Struggle Over Race and Real Estate Transformed Chicago and Urban America. (New York: Picador, 2009), 5
41. Steven Essig. “Race Riots” (2005) Encyclopedia of Chicago. http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org
42. Charles Abrams. Forbidden Neighbors. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955), 103-119
43. ibid.
44. Ben Austen. High-Risers: Cabrini-Green and the Fate of American Public Housing. (New York: Harper, 2018), 38.
45. Richard Rothstein. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government
46. Richard Rothstein. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government
47. Harvey M. Choldin. “Chicago Housing Authority” (2005) Encyclopedia of Chicago. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/253.html
48. Richard Rothstein. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated
49. Richard Rothstein. The Color of Law: The Forgotten History of How Our Government
50. Ben Austen. High-Risers: Cabrini-Green and the Fate of American Public Housing. (New York: Harper, 2018)
51. “Robert Taylor Homes, “ WTTW Time Machine. https://interactive.wttw.com/timemachine/dan-
52. Hunt, D. Bradford. "What Went Wrong with Public Housing in Chicago? A History of the Robert Taylor Homes." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1998-) 94, no. 1 (2001): 96-123. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40193536.
53. Eve L. Ewing. Ghosts in the Schoolyard: Racism and School Closings on Chicago’s South Side. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018), 79
54. ibid.
55. ibid.
56. ibid.
57. Alan B. Anderson and George W. Pickering. Confronting the Color Line: The Broken Promise of the Civil Rights Movement in Chicago (Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press, 1986)
58. Natalie Y. Moore. The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016)
59. Natalie Y. Moore. The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016)
60. Michael W. Homel, “Willis Wagons” Encyclopedia of Chicago. (2005) http://www.encyclopedia.
61. Mark Walsh. “Documentary Recalls a 1963 Boycott of Segregated Chicago Public Schools,” Education Week Blog: Education and the Media. October 25, 2017, https://blogs.edweek.org/edweek
62. Eve L. Ewing. Ghosts in the Schoolyard: Racism and School Closings on Chicago’s South Side. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018), 81
63. Jeff Nichols. “The untold school segregation story behind Bernie Sanders’ 1963 arrest,” Chicago Reader, March 1, 2016, https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/bernie-sanders-1963-arrest-full-
64. "224,770 or 47 Pct. of all Pupils, Miss Classes". Chicago Tribune. October 23, 1963.
65. Matthew D. Delmont. Why Busing Failed: Race, Media, and the National Resistance to School Desegregation. Berkely, CA: University of California Press, 2016.
66. Eve L. Ewing. Ghosts in the Schoolyard: Racism and School Closings on Chicago’s South Side. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018), 83
67. CPS Stats and Facts: 2018-19 School Year. https://cps.edu/About_CPS/At-a-glance/Pages/Stats_
68. Daniel Hautzinger. “Martin Luther King and Fair Housing in Chicago, “ WTTW Playlist, April 11, 2018, https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2018/04/11/martin-luther-king-and-fair-housing-chicago
69. Daniel Hautzinger. “Martin Luther King and Fair Housing in Chicago, “ WTTW Playlist, April 11, 2018, https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2018/04/11/martin-luther-king-and-fair-housing-chicago
70. Olivia B. Waxman. “The Surprising Story Behind This Shocking Photo Of Martin Luther King Jr. Under Attack,” Time, January 12, 2018, https://time.com/5096937/martin-luther-king-jr-picture-chicago/
71. Daniel Hautzinger. “Martin Luther King and Fair Housing in Chicago, “ WTTW Playlist, April 11, 2018, https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2018/04/11/martin-luther-king-and-fair-housing-chicago
72. Daniel Hautzinger. “Martin Luther King and Fair Housing in Chicago, “ WTTW Playlist, April 11, 2018, https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2018/04/11/martin-luther-king-and-fair-housing-chicago
73. ibid.
74. Dettling, Lisa J., Joanne W. Hsu, Lindsay Jacobs, Kevin B. Moore, and Jeffrey P. Thompson (2017). "Recent Trends in Wealth-Holding by Race and Ethnicity," FEDS Notes. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, September 27, 2017, https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2083.