Notes
1 X, Malcolm. O.A.A.U. Founding Forum. Manhattan, NY. June 28, 1964.
2 Campbell, Benjamin P. Richmond's Unhealed History. Richmond, VA: (Brandylane Publishers, 2012), 13.
3 Battalora, Jacqueline M. Birth of a White Nation: The Invention of White People and Its Relevance Today. Houston, TX: (Strategic Book Publishing, 2013), 41).
4 Battalora, 41.
5 Battalora, 42-43.
6 Jeffries, Hasan Kwame. Understanding and Teaching the Civil Rights Movement. Madison, WI: (University of Wisconsin Press, 2019), XIII.
7 Jeffries, XIII.
8 Jeffries,4.
9 Jeffries, 5.
10 Jeffries,17.
11 Jeffries, 8.
12 Lerner, Bernice. “Why Teach Biography?” Education Week, February 22, 2019.
13 Lerner, 1
14 Lerner, 1
15 Wineburg, Samuel S. Why Learn History (When It's Already on Your Phone). Chicago: (The University of Chicago Press, 2018), 121.
16 Franklin, John Hope; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans. McGraw-Hill Higher Education –(A Kindle Edition), 48.
17 Austin, Beth. 1619: Virginia’s First Africans, December 2018, 3–4. https://doi.org/(July 15, 2020), 3.
18 Austin, 3.
19 Franklin and Higginbotham, 51.
20 McCartney, Contributed by Martha. “Virginia's First Africans.” Africans, Virginia's First. Accessed July 15, 2020.
21 PeoplePill. “John Punch (Slave): African Indentured Servant, Slave.” PeoplePill. Accessed July 15, 2020.
22 PeoplePill, 1
23 General Court. “Primary Resource General Court Responds to Runaway Servants and Slaves (1640).” General Court Responds to Runaway Servants and Slaves (1640). Accessed July 15, 2020.
24 “Affidavit, 1693.” Virginia Museum of History & Culture, May 18, 2017.
25 Affidavit, 1.
26 Affidavit, 1.
27 Franklin and Higginbotham, 55.
28 Jeffries, 4.
29 Franklin and Higginbotham, 57.
30 “Africans in America/Part 3/Richard Allen.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service. Accessed July 15, 2020.
31 Michals, Debra. “Phillis Wheatley.” National Women's History Museum. Accessed July 15, 2020.
32 Michals, 1.
33 Michals, 1.
34 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Phillis Wheatley.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., December 2, 2019.
35 Michals, 1.
36 “Africans in America/Part 2/Benjamin Banneker.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service. Accessed July 15, 2020.
37 Africans in America Banneker, 1.
38 Africans in America Banneker, 1.
39 Africans in America Banneker, 1.
40 Monticello, 1.
41 “Monticello.” Benjamin Banneker. Accessed July 15, 2020.
42 “Africans in America/Part 3/Gabriel's Conspiracy.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service. Accessed July 15, 2020.
43 “Africans in America Prosser, 1.
44 “Africans in America Prosser, 1.
45 “Africans in America Prosser, 1.
46 Reed, Wilson Edward. “Gabriel Prosser (1775-1800), July 26, 2019.
47 Coleman, Colette. “7 Black Heroes of the American Revolution.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, February 12, 2020.
48 Franklin and Higginbotham, 85
49Franklin and Higginbotham, 87
50 Franklin and Higginbotham, 87
51 Franklin and Higginbotham, 87
52 Franklin and Higginbotham, 140-150
53 Franklin and Higginbotham, 145
54 Franklin and Higginbotham, 184
55 “Africans in America/Part 3/Nat Turner's Rebellion.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service. Accessed July 15, 2020.
56 Africans in America Turner, 1.
57 Africans in America Turner, 1.
58 “Education from LVA: Nat Turner.” Education @ LVA. Accessed July 15, 2020.
59 Africans in America Turner, 1.
60 Truth, Sojourner. The Narrative of Sojourner Truth. (Minerva Publishing, 1850), 10.
61Truth, 10, 39-43.
62 Truth, 15 & 28.
63 Truth 39-43.
64 Truth, 41.
65 Michals, Debra. “Sojourner Truth.” National Women's History Museum. Accessed July 15, 2020.
66 Michals, 1.
67 Michals, 1.
68 “Frederick Douglass.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service. Accessed July 15, 2020.
69 Douglass, Fredrick. Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass. (CPSIA, 1845) 1.
70 Douglass, 36.
71 Douglass, 36.
72 “Frederick Douglass.” PBS, 1
73 Roberts, Sam. “Elizabeth Jennings, Who Desegregated New York's Trolleys.” The New York Times. The New York Times, February 1, 2019.
74 Roberts, 1.
75 Roberts, 1.
76 Roberts, 1.
77 Roberts, 1.
78 08, Samantha Henman | Apr, Kyle Climans | Dec 07, Dancy Mason | Apr 22, Christine Tran | Jun 07, and Mathew BurkeMatthew Burke is a writer at Factinate. “42 Liberating Facts About Harriet Tubman, The American Emancipator.” Factinate, August 20, 2019.
79 08, Henman, 1.
80 08, Henman, 1.
81 08, Henman, 1.
82 08, Henman, 1.
83 Franklin and Higginbotham, 212.
84 PBS. “Robert Smalls, from Escaped Slave to House of Representatives.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, November 6, 2013.
85 PBS Robert Smalls, 1.
86 PBS Robert Smalls, 1.
87 PBS Robert Smalls, 1.
88 Jeffries, 4.
89 Franklin and Higginbotham, 261
90 Franklin and Higginbotham, 295
91 History.com Editors. “Black History Milestones: Timeline.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, October 14, 2009.
92 Franklin and Higginbotham, 295
93 Harlan, Lewis. Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915. Accessed July 15, 2020.
94 Washington, Booker T. Up from Slavery: An Autobiography. Astounding Stories, 2015.
95 Washington, 73.
96 Harlan, 1.
97 Washington, 14.
98 Washington, 38.
99 Harlan, 1.
100 “NAACP History: W.E.B. Dubois.” NAACP. Accessed July 15, 2020.
101 NAACP History: W.E.B. Dubois, 1
102 Neary, Lynn. “The Enduring Lyricism of W.E.B. Du Bois' 'The Souls of Black Folk'.” NPR, February 23, 2018.
103 NAACP History: W.E.B. Dubois, 1
104 NAACP History: W.E.B. Dubois, 1
105 NAACP History: W.E.B. Dubois, 1
106 NAACP History: W.E.B. Dubois, 1
107 Norwood, Arlisha R. “Ida B. Wells-Barnett.” Accessed July 15, 2020.
108 Norwood, 1.
109 Norwood, 1.
110 Norwood, 1.
111 Leeuwen, David Van. “Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association.” Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, The Twentieth Century, Divining America: Religion in American History, TeacherServe, National Humanities Center. Accessed July 15, 2020.
112 Leeuwen, 1.
113 History.com Editors. “Black History Milestones: Timeline.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, October 14, 2009.
114 History.com Editors. Black History Milestones, 1.
115 “Who Was Ella Baker?” Ella Baker Center. Accessed July 15, 2020.
116 Ella Baker Center, 1.
117 Ella Baker Center, 1.
118 Ella Baker Center, 1.
119 Joseph, 78.
120 Joseph, 78.
121 Ella Baker Center, 1.
122 Michals, Edited by Debra. “Mary McLeod Bethune.” National Women's History Museum. Accessed July 15, 2020.
123 Michals, 1.
124 Michals, 1.
125 Theoharis, Jeanne. “How History Got the Rosa Parks Story Wrong.” The Washington Post. WP Company, December 1, 2015.
126 Theoharis, 1.
127 Theoharis, 1.
128 Theoharis, 1.
129 Siddiqui, Zafar. “From Malcolm X to El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz: The Story Must Be Told.” Star Tribune. Star Tribune, February 26, 2010.
130 Stanford. “Malcolm X.” The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, May 30, 2019.
131 Joseph, 25-31.
132 Joseph, 31.
133 Joseph, 47.
134 Joseph, 42.
135 Joseph, 181.
136 Joseph, 198.
137 Stanford, 1.
138 Joseph, 39-40
139 Joseph, 219.
140 Joseph, 142.
141 Joseph, 175.
142 Joseph, 213-124.
143 “The Nobel Peace Prize 1964.” NobelPrize.org. Accessed July 15, 2020.
144 Nobel, 1.
145 Joseph, 135.
146 Nobel, 1.
147 Nobel, 1.
148 Joseph, 23.
149 Joseph, 23.
150 Joseph, 78.
151 Joseph, 242.
152 Joseph, 249,250.
153 Joseph, 245.
154 Franklin and Higginbotham, 523.
155 Carbado, Devin W., and Donald Weise. “The Civil Rights Identity of Bayard Rustin.” Texas Law Review 82, no. 5 (April 2004). https://doi.org/July 15, 2020.
156 Jeffries, 4.
157 Joseph, 220.
158 Joseph, 220.
159 Joseph, 234.
160 Joseph, 224.
161 Black History Milestones, 1.
162 Joseph, 136.
163 Joseph, 208.
164 Joseph, 229.
165 Jeffries,4.
166 U.S. Courts. “Justice Thurgood Marshall Profile - Brown v. Board of Education Re-Enactment.”Accessed July 15, 2020.
167 U.S. Courts, 1.
168 U.S. Courts, 1.
169 U.S. Courts, 1.
170 U.S. Courts, 1.
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