Notes
1 Robert D. Bullard and Glenn S. Johnson, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism and Its Impact on Public Policy Decision Making,” Journal of Social Issues 56, no. 3 (2000): 555–78, https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00184.
2 Richard Rothstein, The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (New York, NY: Liveright, 2018), 75.
3 Rothstein, The Color of Law, 75.
4 Rothstein, The Color of Law, 109.
5 Rothstein, The Color of Law, 95.
6 Rothstein, The Color of Law, 96.
7 Rothstein, The Color of Law, 49.
8 Rothstein, The Color of Law, 50.
9 Rothstein, The Color of Law, 50.
10 Shahla Farzan, “Black Borrowers in St. Louis Face Lending Discrimination, High Mortgage Rejection Rates,” St. Louis Public Radio, July 30, 2020, https://news.stlpublicradio.org/government-politics-issues/2020-07-30/black-borrowers-in-st-louis-face-lending-discrimination-high-mortgage-rejection-rates.
11 “Citywide Zoning District Map.” stlouis-mo, April 18, 2022. https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/planning/documents/Citywide-Zoning-District-Map.cfm.
12 “EPA EJScreen EPA’s Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool (Version 2.2),” EPA, June 26, 2023, https://ejscreen.epa.gov/mapper/.
13 Jayson Maurice Porter, “Perspective | the Problem of Environmental Racism in Mexico Today Is Rooted in History,” Washington Post, February 11, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/02/11/problem-environmental-racism-mexico-today-is-rooted-history/.
14 Porter, “Perspective”.
15 Ulises Moreno-Tabarez, “Towards Afro-Indigenous Ecopolitics,” City 24, no. 1–2 (2020): 22–34, https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2020.1739912, 26.
16 Moreno-Tabarez, “Towards Afro-Indigenous Ecopolitics”, 25.
17 Porter, “Perspective”..
18 David V. Carruthers, Environmental Justice in Latin America: Problems, Promise, and Practice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), 169.
19 Thula Rafaela de Oliveira Pires and Virginia Totti Guimarães, “Environmental Injustice, Environmental Racism, and the Framework for Socio-Racial Stratification in Sacrificial Zones: The Case of the Santa Cruz Neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro,” law.yale.edu, accessed July 18, 2023, https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/kamel/sela16_pires_cv_eng_20160409.pdf, 5.
20 Edward E. Telles, “Residential Segregation by Skin Color in Brazil,” American Sociological Review 57, no. 2 (April 1992): 186-197, https://doi.org/10.2307/2096204, 186.
21 Telles, “Residential Segregation”, 187.
22 Telles, “Residential Segregation”, 187.
23 Telles, “Residential Segregation”, 187.
24 Telles, “Residential Segregation”, 187.
25 Telles, “Residential Segregation”, 188.
26 Telles, “Residential Segregation”, 188..
27 Pires, “Environmental Injustice, Environmental Racism”, 17.
28 Pires, “Environmental Injustice, Environmental Racism”, 17.
29 Pires, “Environmental Injustice, Environmental Racism”, 14.
30 Pires, “Environmental Injustice, Environmental Racism”, 14.
31 Douglas W. Dockery et al., “An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities,” New England Journal of Medicine 329, no. 24 (1993): 1753–59, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199312093292401.
32 “Ambient (Outdoor) Air Pollution,” World Health Organization, December 19, 2022, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health.
33 Dockery, “An Association between Air Pollution”.
34 Dockery, “An Association between Air Pollution”.
35 Dockery, “An Association between Air Pollution”.
36 Dockery, “An Association between Air Pollution”.
37 “Ambient (Outdoor) Air Pollution”.
38 “Ambient (Outdoor) Air Pollution”.
39 “Air Quality Database,” World Health Organization, March 15, 2023, https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/air-pollution/who-air-quality-database.
40 Scott Weichenthal et al., “How Low Can You Go? Air Pollution Affects Mortality at Very Low Levels,” Science Advances 8, no. 39 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo3381.
41 Darryl Fears, “Redlining Means 45 Million Americans Are Breathing Dirtier Air, 50 Years after It Ended,” Washington Post, March 9, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/03/09/redlining-pollution-environmental-justice/.
42 Simone Lorena Quiterio et al., “Metals in Airborne Particulate Matter in the Industrial District of Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, in an Annual Period,” Atmospheric Environment 38, no. 2 (September 4, 2003): 321–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.017, 322.
43 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 167.
44 “Section 7401. Congressional Findings and Declaration of Purpose,” U.S.C. title 42 - the public health and welfare, 2013, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2013-title42/html/USCODE-2013-title42-chap85-subchapI-partA-sec7401.htm.
45 “Section 7401. Congressional Findings and Declaration of Purpose”.
46 “Summary of Environmental Law in Mexico,” Summary of Environmental Law in North America, 2003, https://moose.cec.org/moose/lawdatabase/mxdoc.cfm?varlan=english&topic=8.
47 “Air Quality Policies in Mexico- United Nations Environment Programme,” Policy and Strategy, 2015, https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/17055/Mexico.pdf?sequence=1.
48 Lina Pimentel Garcia et al., “Environmental Protection Regulations in Brazil,” Lexology, January 28, 2019, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=eae2fd87-98ee-4778-b352-036af438c93b.
49 Garcia, “Environmental Protection”.
50 Garcia, “Environmental Protection”.
51 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism”, 561.
52 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism”, 561.
53 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism”, 561.
54 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism,” 561.
55 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism,” 561.
56 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 169.
57 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 169.
58 “Environmental Justice Timeline,” EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency, June 27, 2023, https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/environmental-justice-timeline.
59 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 169.
60 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism”, 567.
61 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism”, 568.
62 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism”, 568.
63 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism”, 568.
64 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism”, 569-570.
65 Bullard, “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism”, 569.
66Daisy Simmons, “What Is ‘Climate Justice’?,” Yale Climate Connections, July 29, 2020, https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2020/07/what-is-climate-justice/.
67 “Environmental Racism in St. Louis,” Missouri Coalition for the Environment, accessed July 18, 2023, https://moenvironment.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/370/2022/07/Environmental-Racism-in-St.-Louis_2019.pdf.
68 “Environmental Racism in St. Louis.”
69 “Environmental Justice Timeline.”
70 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 167.
71 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 167.
72 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 169.
73 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 168.
74 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 168.
75 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 168.
76 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 168-169.
77 Porter, “Perspective”.
78 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 29.
79 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 30.
80 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 76.
81 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 81.
82 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 90.
83 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 91.
84 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 91.
85 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 91.
86 Pires, “Environmental Injustice, Environmental Racism”, 16.
87 Pires, “Environmental Injustice, Environmental Racism”, 16.
88 Pires, “Environmental Injustice, Environmental Racism”, 16.
89 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 79-80.
90 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 91.
91 Carruthers, Environmental Justice, 91.
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