Nature-Inspired Solutions to Disease Problems

CONTENTS OF CURRICULUM UNIT 23.05.03

  1. Unit Guide
  1. Introduction and Rationale
  2. Content Objectives
  3. Teaching Strategies
  4. Classroom Activities
  5. Appendix on Implementing District Standards
  6. Bibliography
  7. Endnotes

Coffee, Cacao, and Chacras – Applying Principles of Sustainable Agriculture in Costa Rica and Peru to Farming in Delaware

Michael A. Doody

Published September 2023

Tools for this Unit:

Bibliography

Agnoletti, Mauro, Yenia Molina Pelegrín, and Alejandro González Alvarez. 2022. The Traditional Agroforestry Systems of Sierra Del Rosario and Sierra Maestra, Cuba. Biodiversity and Conservation. Vol. 31. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02348-8.

This is a good teacher resource with information on ecosystem functioning within coffee agroecosystems.

Arevalo, V, J Grijalva, R Limongi, R Vera, and A Yumbo. 2011. “Chacras Nativas: Alernativa de Sistema Integrado Para Seguridad Alimentaria, Biodiversidad y La Gestion Sostenible de Bosques En La Amazonia Ecuatoriana.” Quito. http://181.112.143.123/bitstream/41000/2827/1/iniapsc322est.pdf.

This is an excellent teacher resource for learning more about chacras from an ecological and cultural perspective. Originally published in Spanish.

Arias Gutierrez, R, T Carpio Arias, A Herrera Sorzano, and R Gonzalez Sousa. 2016. “SISTEMA INDÍGENA DIVERSIFICADO DE CULTIVOS Y DESARROLLO LOCAL EN LA AMAZONIA ECUATORIANA.” Cultivos Tropicales 37 (2): 7–14. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/1932/193246554001/movil/.

This is another excellent teacher resource for learning about chacras. Also originally published in Spanish.

Beer, John. 1988. “Litter Production and Nutrient Cycling in Coffee (Coffea Arabica) or Cacao (Theobroma Cacao) Plantations with Shade Trees.” Agroforestry Systems 7 (2): 103–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046846.

Good teacher resource on learning about the biogeochemical cycling within coffee and cacao plantations. Certain excerpts can be modified for student use.

Benyus, JM. 1997. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. 1st ed. New York: William Morrow.

Seminal reading on all things biomimicry. This is a good teacher and student resource, though certain passages will likely need to be modified for student use.

Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Widely regarded as one of the best, or at least most influential, science books of the twentieth century. The book documents the environmental impacts of the widespread use of chemical pesticides. Its publication is considered by many to be a pivotal moment in the environmental movement.

Conway, Gordon R. 1987. “The Properties of Agroecosystems.” Agricultural Systems 24 (2): 95–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-521X(87)90056-4.

Good teacher and student resource for a foundational understanding of what agroecosystems are.

Drinkwater, L. E., and S. S. Snapp. 2007. “Nutrients in Agroecosystems: Rethinking the Management Paradigm.” Advances in Agronomy 92 (04): 163–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(04)92003-2.

Good resource for teachers and students when learning about the impacts of the Green Revolution on soil and soil fertility, as well as how the agroecosystem approach restores some natural functions and features of soil.

FAO. 2023a. “Integrated Pest Management.” Agriculture. 2023. https://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/ipm/en/.

Good student resource for being introduced to the IPM concept.

———. 2023b. “The Amazonian Chakra, a Traditional Agroforestry System Managed by Indigenous Communities in Napo Province, Ecuador.” SIPAM. 2023. https://www.fao.org/giahs/giahsaroundtheworld/designated-sites/latin-america-and-the-caribbean/amazon-chakra/detailed-information/fr/.

Good student resource for being introduced to chacras.

Felsot, A. 2018. “Integrated Pest Management: Strategies for Pollinator Habitat Promotion and Conservation in Agricultural Areas.” US EPA Pollinator Protection. 2018. https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/integrated-pest-management-strategies-pollinator-habitat-promotion-and.

Excellent teacher resource for learning about IPM. Some slides/images/diagrams can be used with students.

Friedland, Andrew, and Rick Relyea. 2019. Environmental Science for the AP Course. 3rd ed. New York: Bedford, Freeman, and Worth.

Course textbook - this serves as students' introductions to concepts that we cover in class. It is also good resource for teachers when considering planning and pacing.

Graber, David R., Walter J. Jones, and James A. Johnson. 2005. “Human and Ecosystem Health: The Environment-Agriculture Connection in Developing Countries.” Journal of Agromedicine 9 (2): 129–46. https://doi.org/10.1300/J096v09n02_08.

Good teacher resource with easily adaptable sections for student use when learning about the environmental impacts of the Green Revolution and modern industrial agriculture.

Horrigan, Leo, Robert S. Lawrence, and Polly Walker. 2002. “How Sustainable Agriculture Can Address the Environmental and Human Health Harms of Industrial Agriculture.” Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (5): 445–56. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110445.

Good teacher resource for an introduction to how sustainable agriculture and the agroecosystem approach can alleviate the impacts of modern industrial agriculture.

Knight, Alan L, and George W Norton. 1989. “Economics of Agricultural Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods” 34: 293–313.

Good teacher resource for understanding the pesticide treadmill and the dangers it poses. While not necessarily student-friendly, showing students the date may help drive home the idea that this issue is widely recognized in the agricultural world and should command more policy attention.

McDonald, G. 2021. “Waterlogging – the Science.” Managing Soils. 2021. https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/waterlogging/waterlogging-–-science.

Clear and concise teacher and student resource for understanding waterlogging and its environmental consequences.

McSorley, R. 2008. “Polyculture.” Encyclopedia of Entomology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3039.

Clear and concise teacher and student resource for a basic understanding of polycultures.

Moura, Emanoel Gomes de, Christoph Gehring, Heder Braun, Altamiro de Souza Lima Ferraz Junior, Fabricio de Oliveira Reis, and Alana das Chagas Ferreira Aguiar. 2016. “Improving Farming Practices for Sustainable Soil Use in the Humid Tropics and Rainforest Ecosystem Health.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 8 (9): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090841. National Research Council. 2012. A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas. A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas. Washington, D.C.: National Acadmies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13165.

Excellent resource for teachers new to NGSS or wanting to understand more about the pedagogy behind NGSS-aligned instruction. This is a must read for science teachers of all levels and contents.

Perfecto, Ivette, John Vandermeer, and Stacy M. Philpott. 2014. “Complex Ecological Interactions in the Coffee Agroecosystem.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 45: 137–58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091923.

Another excellent teacher resource for understanding ecosystem functioning with coffee agroecosystems. Sections could be adapted for student use.

Sabatier, Rodolphe, Kerstin Wiegand, and Katrin Meyer. 2013. “Production and Robustness of a Cacao Agroecosystem: Effects of Two Contrasting Types of Management Strategies.” PLoS ONE 8 (12): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080352.

Excellent teacher resource for understanding ecosystem functioning within cacao agroecosystems. Sections could be adapted for student use.

University of California IPM Program. 2008. “Aphids.” Agriculture: Corn Pest Management Guidelines. 2008. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/corn/aphids/.

Excellent website for teachers and students to understand the level of specificity required when developing a tailored IPM plan.

University of Delaware Cooperative Extension. 2023. “Beneficial Insects.” Pest Management for Homeowners. 2023. https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/canr/cooperative-extension/environmental-stewardship/pest-management-homeowner/benefcial-insects/.

Another excellent websire for teachers and students when learning about IPM. Cooperative extension services such as this one are an underutilized resource for homeowners and property managers, but well-recognized in the agricultural community.

Weißhuhn, Peter, Moritz Reckling, Ulrich Stachow, and Hubert Wiggering. 2017. “Supporting Agricultural Ecosystem Services through the Integration of Perennial Polycultures into Crop Rotations.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 9 (12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122267.

Good teacher resource with information about the basics of agroecosystems and polycultures. This resource pairs well with Chapter 2 of the Biomimicry book.

Whinney, J. n.d. “Considerations for the Sustainable Production of Cocoa.” Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. Accessed July 16, 2023. https://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/research/cacao/whinney.cfm.

Good student resource for understanding basic ecosystem functioning in cacao agroecosystems.

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