A History of Black People as Readers: A Genealogy of Critical Literacy

Notes

¹ 1. Janet Duitsman Cornelius, “When I Can Read My Title Clear”: Literacy, Slavery, and Religion in the Antebellum South (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1991), pg.59.

² Ibid, pg.59.

³ 1. Frederick Douglass and John Lobb, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass from 1817-1882 (London: Christian Age Office, 1882), pg.51.

⁴ 1. Cecil Miller, “Federal Writers’ Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 5, Indiana, Arnold-Woodson | Library of Congress,” Library of Congress, 1936, https://www.loc.gov/resource/mesn.050/?sp=7&st=list, pg.78.

⁵ 1. Cecil Miller, “Federal Writers’ Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 5, Indiana, Arnold-Woodson | Library of Congress,” Library of Congress, 1936, https://www.loc.gov/resource/mesn.050/?sp=7&st=list, pg.78.

⁶ 1. Heather Andrea Williams, Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009), pg.9.

⁷ Ibid, 9.

⁸ Ibid, 10.

⁹ 1. Heather Andrea Williams, Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009), pg.27.

¹⁰ Ibid, 20.

¹¹ 1. Contributor: Marianne E. Julienne and Contributor: Brent Tarter, “The Establishment of the Public School System in Virginia,” Encyclopedia Virginia, May 3, 2024, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/public-school-system-in-virginia-establishment-of-the/.

¹² Ibid.

¹³ Ibid.

¹⁴ 1. Andrea Douglas, “About Us,” Jefferson School, accessed July 16, 2024, https://jeffschoolheritagecenter.org/about-us/.

¹⁵ 1. Andrea N. Douglas et al., Pride Overcomes Prejudice: A History of Charlottesville’s African American School (Charlottesville, Va: Jefferson School African American Heritage Center, 2013), pg.9.

¹⁶ Ibid, 9.

¹⁷ Ibid, 21.

¹⁸ 1. Contributor: Anne McCrery and Contributor: Errol SomayContributor: the Dictionary of Virginia Biography, “John Mitchell Jr. (1863–1929),” Encyclopedia Virginia, February 15, 2023, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/mitchell-john-jr-1863-1929/.

¹⁹ “Research Guides: This Month in Business History: Maggie L. Walker, First Black Woman to Charter a Bank.” Maggie L. Walker, First Black Woman to Charter a Bank - This Month in Business History - Research Guides at Library of Congress. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://guides.loc.gov/this-month-in-business-history/november/maggie-l-walker-first-black-woman-to-charter-a-bank#:~:text=Maggie%20Lena%20Walker%20was%20an,Penny%20Savings%20Bank%20in%20Richmond.

²⁰ 1. Cassandra Newby- Alexander, “Sarah Garland Jones,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 2, 126 (2018): 210–54, pg.211.