Notes
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3 Yergin, Daniel. “The Prize: the Epic Quest for Oil, Money, & Power.” New York: Free Press (1991): 342.
4 Chancel, Lucas, and Thomas Piketty. “Global Income Inequality, 1820–2020: The Persistence and Mutation of Extreme Inequality.” Journal of the European Economic Association 19, no. 6 (October 22, 2021): 3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab047.
5 Dell, Melissa, and Benjamin A Olken. “The Development Effects of the Extractive Colonial Economy: The Dutch Cultivation System in Java.” The Review of Economic Studies 87, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 164–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdz017.
6 Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A Robinson. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review 91, no. 5 (December 1, 2001): 1369–1401. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1369.
7 Gross and Needham, 10
8 Cahill, Ben. Energy Access and Health Outcomes. Center for Strategic & International Studies. March 2021. https://www.csis.org/analysis/energy-access-and-health-outcomes. Accessed July 15, 2024.
9 Klein, Naomi. One Way or Another Everything Changes. Democracy Now. September 17, 2014. https://www.democracynow.org/2014/9/17/thursday_naomi_klein_on_her_new_book. Accessed July 17, 2024.
10 Conway, Ed, Material World: The Six Raw Materials That Shape Modern Civilization. First American edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2023.
11 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "energy." Encyclopedia Britannica, June 19, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/science/energy. Accessed July 14, 2024.
12 Greitzer, E. M., Z. S. Spakovszky, and I. A. Waitz. Entropy and Unavailable Energy (Lost Work by Another Name). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node49.html. Accessed July 14, 2024.
13 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Joule heating." Encyclopedia Britannica, June 29, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/science/Joules-law. Accessed July 16, 2024.
14 Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM). Definitions of electric units, 1946. https://doi.org/10.59161/cipm1946res2e. Accessed July 11, 2024.
15 CIPM, 1
16 CIPM, 1
17 Physics Education Research Group. Light and Energy. Kansas State University. https://perg.phys.ksu.edu/classes/conckirsten/moduleb/explorespectra/lightenergy.html. Accessed July 16, 2024.
18Nitschke, Wolfgang. “The Evolutionary Aspects of Bioenergetic Systems.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1827, no. 2 (February 2013): 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.10.011.
19 Dreamer D, Weber AL. 2010. “Bioenergetics and life's origins.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. Feb;2(2):a004929. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004929.
20 Sabater, Bartolomé. 2018. “Evolution and Function of the Chloroplast. Current Investigations and Perspectives.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10: 3095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103095
21 Tanner, 487
22 Tanner, 487
23 Blankenship RE. 2021. Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis. Third ed. Appendix. pg 271
24 Federal Communication Commission. RF Safety FAQ: What Levels are Safe for Exposure to RF Energy., accessed July 16, 2024, https://www.fcc.gov/engineering-technology/electromagnetic-compatibility-division/radio-frequency-safety/faq/rf-safety#Q9. Accessed July 17, 2024.
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27 Blankenship, 6
28 Blankenship, 7
29 Blankenship, 7
30 Blankenship, 7
31 Aiyer, Kartik. The Great Oxidation Event: How Cyanobacteria Changed Life. American Society for Microbiology. February 18, 2022. https://asm.org/articles/2022/february/the-great-oxidation-event-how-cyanobacteria-change. Accessed July 13, 2024.
32 Goren-Inbar, Naama, Nira Alperson, Mordechai E. Kislev, Orit Simchoni, Yoel Melamed, Adi Ben-Nun, and Ella Werker. “Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya`aqov, Israel.” Science 304, no. 5671 (April 30, 2004): 725–27. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095443.
33 Armelagos, George J. “The Omnivore’s Dilemma: The Evolution of the Brain and the Determinants of Food Choice.” Journal of Anthropological Research 66, no. 2 (2010): 170–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27820880.
34 Armelagos, 172
35 Armelagos, 172
36 Armelagos, 172
37 Armelagos, 172
38 Armelagos, 172
39 BYJUs. “Heat Capacity Formula - Definition, Formula and Solved Examples.” BYJUS, September 14, 2020. https://byjus.com/heat-capacity-formula/. Accessed July 29, 2024.
40 Energy Information Agency. Wind explained. EIA.gov. December 27, 2023. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/wind/. Accessed July 15, 2024.
41 Energy Information Agency
42 Energy Information Administration. Wind explained: history of wind power. EIA.gov. April 10, 2023. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/wind/history-of-wind-power.php. Accessed July 16, 2024.
43 Energy Information Administration
44 Minnesota Municipal Power Agency. Swept Area [PDF]. 2024. https://www.mmpa.org/energy-education/teaching-tools-for-educators/. Accessed July 16, 2024.
45 De Decker, Kris. Wind Powered Factories: History and Future of Industrial Wind Mills. Low Tech Magazine. October 8, 2009. https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/2009/10/wind-powered-factories-history-and-future-of-industrial-windmills/. Accessed July 16, 2024.
46 De Decker, 1
47 Davids, Karel. “The Transformation of an Old Industrial District: Firms, Family, and Mutuality in the Zaanstreek between 1840 and 1920.” Enterprise and Society 7, no. 3 (September 2006): 551. https://doi.org/10.1093/es/khl003.
48 J. van den Hoek Oostende, “Het windgeld,” Amstelodamum 57, no. 5 (1970): 111–17
49 Domingues, F. Contente and Mitchell, Mairin. "Ferdinand Magellan." Encyclopedia Britannica, June 4, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan. Accessed July 16, 2024.
50 Taylor, 1
51 Taylor, 1
52 Taylor, 1
53 Taylor, 1
54 Farrington, Anthony. Trading places: the East India Company and Asia, 1600-1834. London: British Library, 2002
55 Oxford English Dictionary. “trade wind” 2nd edition. 1989. https://www.oed.com/oedv2/00255721. Accessed July 17, 2024.
56 Gross and Needham, 12.
57 Brain, Jessica. Timeline of the Industrial Revolution. Historic UK: The History and Heritage Guide. (February 28, 2019.): https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Timeline-Industrial-Revolution/. Accessed July 15, 2024.
58 Crosby, Alfred. 2006. Children of the Sun: A History of Humanity’s Unappeasable Appetite for Energy. New York: W. W. Norton.
59 Armenta, Adelina. Fossil Fuel Formation Complete. YouTube video, 2013, 9:09, March 27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvH-h7TzSsE. Accessed July 14, 2024.
60 Waters, Colin N.. 2009 Carboniferous geology of Northern England. Journal Open University Geological Society, 30 (2). 5-16.
61 Armenta
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63 Armenta
64 Mathews, Jonathan P., and Alan L. Chaffee. “The Molecular Representations of Coal – A Review.” Fuel 96 (June 2012): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.025.
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66 Bodner Research Group. “Petroleum and Coal.” Petroleum and coal. Accessed July 29, 2024. https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1organic/coal.html.
67 Giere, R., and X. Querol. “Solid Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere.” Elements 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 215–22. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.6.4.215.
68 Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Van Gogh The Factory at Asnieres.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Van_Gogh_The_Factory_at_Asnieres.jpg&oldid=749787282. Accessed July 29, 2024.
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72 Sharpe, Leon. “When Britain Ran Out of Coal.” America in Decline. Oxford: Taylor & Francis Group, 2012. Accessed July 29, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central.
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74 Chancel & Piketty, 3051
75 Chancel & Piketty, 3051
76 Miller, Ian Jared, Paul Warde, Ariane Tanner, J. R. McNeill, Victor Seow, Conevery Bolton Valencius, and Robert D. Lifset. “Forum: The Environmental History of Energy Transitions.” Environmental History 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 463–533. https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emz006.
77 Al-Khalili, Jim. “The Birth of the Electric Machines: A Commentary on Faraday (1832) ‘Experimental Researches in Electricity.’” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2039 (April 13, 2015): 20140208. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0208.
78 Al-Khalili, 1
79 Al-Khalili, 2
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81 Al-Khalili, 5
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83 Al-Khalili, 6
84 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Faraday’s Law. Georgia State University. (2017). http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html. Accessed July 28, 2024.
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86 Grand Rapids Community Media Center - www.grcmc.org. “Water Power.” History Grand Rapids, October 28, 2009. http://www.historygrandrapids.org/audio/2430/water-power. Accessed August 2, 2024.
87 Kaunda, Chiyembekezo S. “Energy Situation, Potential and Application Status of Small-Scale Hydropower Systems in Malawi.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 26 (October 2013): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.034.
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89 Lagler, Karl F. 1971. “Hydroelectric Power.” Power Generation and Environmental Change. Cambridge, editors David A. Berkowitz, and Arthur M. Squires. Mass: The MIT Press. https://search-ebscohost-com.proxy.library.upenn.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=710639&site=ehost-live.
90 Earth: The Operator’s Manual. Formation of Fossil Fuels. YouTube video, 2:25, April 9, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8VqWKZIPrM. Accessed July 12, 2024.
91 Silliman, B. 1855. Report on the Rock Oil, or Petroleum from Venango Co., Pennsylvania with special reference to is use for illumination and other purposes. New Haven. [PDF].
92 Brudvig, G. 2024. “Energy: Past, Present, and Future: Day 5.” Yale National Initiative Energy Seminar Summer 2024. [Lecture]. Yale University. July 17, 2024.
93 Yergin, Daniel. 1991. “The Prize: the Epic Quest for Oil, Money, & Power.” New York: Free Press.
94 Waters, 6
95 Yergin, 12
96 Gross and Needham, 25.
97 Miller, Ian Jared, Paul Warde, Ariane Tanner, J. R. McNeill, Victor Seow, Conevery Bolton Valencius, and Robert D. Lifset. “Forum: The Environmental History of Energy Transitions.” Environmental History 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 469. https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emz006.
98 Gross and Needham, 8.
99 Lindsay, and Dahlman, L. 2024, January 18. Climate Change: Global Temperature. Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global- temperature. Accessed July 10, 2024.
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102 Bureau of International Labor Affairs. “Combatting Child Labor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s Cobalt Industry (COTECCO).” Bureau of International Labor Affairs. Accessed August 15, 2024. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/combatting-child-labor-democratic-republic-congos-cobalt-industry-cotecco.
103 Daniel Kaufmann, Mario Picon, Caitlin Purdy Rodrigo Castillo, Homi Kharas, Tas Anvaripour, and Oliver Glanvile Paul Muthaura. “Chinese Investment in Afghanistan’s Lithium Sector: A Long Shot in the Short Term.” Brookings, March 27, 2023. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/chinese-investment-in-afghanistans-lithium-sector-a-long-shot-in-the-short-term/.
104Gross, Stephen G., and Needham, Andrew, eds. New Energies: A History of Energy Transitions in Europe and North America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, (2023): 14. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.library.upenn.edu/lib/upenn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=30406453
105 Ingmire, Jann. “Learning by Doing Helps Students Perform Better in Science.” University of Chicago News, April 29, 2015. https://news.uchicago.edu/story/learning-doing-helps-students-perform-better-science.
106 Ingmire, 2015.
107Hanauer, David I., Mark J. Graham, Laura Betancur, Aiyana Bobrownicki, Steven G. Cresawn, Rebecca A. Garlena, Deborah Jacobs-Sera, et al. 2017. “An Inclusive Research Education Community (IREC): Impact of the SEA-PHAGES Program on Research Outcomes and Student Learning.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (51): 13531–36. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718188115. An impact review of SEA-PHAGES research program outcomes for undergraduates across several institutions.
108 Vygotsky, Lev. “Thought and Language.” MIT Press, 1962. https://doi.org/10.1037/11193-000.
109 Walqui, Aída, and Leo Van Lier. Scaffolding the academic success of adolescent English language learners: A pedagogy of promise. San Francisco, CA: WestEd, 2010.
110 Chloe Glynn, personal photograph, “Classroom demonstration of hydroelectric generator,” May 20, 2022.
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