Notes
1 Based on a 6-day, 5-night backpacking trip taken by the author from June 18-June 23, 2025 beginning at Pearisburg, VA on the Appalachian Trail.
2 World Meteorological Organization. 2025. State of the Global Climate 2024, The publication provides a summary on the state of the climate indicators in 2024 with sections on key climate indicators, extreme events and impacts. Geneva, Switzerland: WMO. https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/69455.
3 Virginia Department of Education. 2018. “Science Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools.” Virginia Department of Education. https://www.doe.virginia.gov/teaching-learning-assessment/k-12-standards-instruction/science/standards-of-learning.
4 (Virginia Department of Education 2018)
5 Graf, Irma. 2019. Appalachian Trail Central Virginia Guide Book Map Set. Edited by Irma Graf. 234,: Appalachian Trail Conservancy.
6 “Virginia Energy - Geology and Mineral Resources - Rocks of Virginia.” 2024. Virginia Department of Energy. https://www.energy.virginia.gov/geology/rocks.shtml.
7 Graziano, Amanda Curry. 2021. Exploring Science: All Around Us: Teacher's Edition. 2nd. Windsor, CT: Five Ponds Press.
8 (Graziano 2021, 90)
9 Kaine, Timothy M. 2024. Walk, Ride, Paddle: A Life Outside. 239.: Harper Horizon.
10 (Kaine 2024, 240)
11 (James River Association 2023)
12 (Kaine 2024, 257)
13 Orth, Robert J., William C. Dennison, Jonathan S. Lefcheck, Cassie Gurbisz, Michael Hannam, Jennifer Keisman, Brooke Landry, et al. 2017. “Submersed Aquatic Vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: Sentinel Species in a Changing World.” BioScience 67 (8): 698-712. https://www.jstor.org/stable/90011441.
14 (Virginia Energy - Geology and Mineral Resources - Rocks of Virginia 2024)
15 Urban, Frauke. 2020. Energy and Development. 1st ed. 165.: Routledge.
16 von Humboldt, Alexander. 2014. Views of Nature. Edited by Stephen T. Jackson and Laura D. Walls. Translated by Mark W. Person. N.p.: University of Chicago Press.
17 (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1859)
18 Cummings, Mike. 2015. “Audubon's 'Birds of America' at Yale: creating a masterwork one feather at a time.” Yale News, June 30, 2015. https://news.yale.edu/2015/06/30/audubon-s-birds-america-yale-creating-masterwork-one-feather-time.
19 “Natural Tunnel State Park.” 2024. DCR.Virginia.gov. https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/state-parks/natural-tunnel.
20 (Natural Tunnel State Park | Virginia DWR n.d.)
21 (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1864)
22 (VHMC Collections, Late 19th century)
23 (Yale Center for British Art, 1869-1870)
24 (New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1865)
25 National Gallery of Art. n.d. “Ross Merrill.” National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/artists/33080-ross-merrill.
26 Byko, Maureen. 2007. “Shedding a light on 18th century science: The works of Joseph Wright of Derby.” JOM 59:13-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-007-0070-z.
27 Yale Center for British Art. 2019. “Yale Center for British Art presents “Unto This Last: Two Hundred Years of John Ruskin.”” (New Haven), August 14, 2019. https://britishart.yale.edu/news-and-press/yale-center-british-art-presents-unto-last-two-hundred-years-john-ruskin.
28 Deans, Bob. 2008. The River Where America Began: A Journey Along the James. Lanham, Maryland: Bloomsbury Academic. 55-65
29 (Deans 2008)
30 Mingle, Jonathan. 2024. Gaslight: The Atlantic Coast Pipeline and the Fight for America's Energy Future. 23: Island Press.
31 (Hand, et al. 2020)
32 (Mingle 2024, 53)
33 (Mingle 2024, 100)
34 (Mingle 2024, 103)
35 Bauman, Brooke. 2019. “How plastics contribute to climate change » Yale Climate Connections.” Yale Climate Connections, August 20, 2019. https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/08/how-plastics-contribute-to-climate-change/.
36 Orth, Robert J., William C. Dennison, Jonathan S. Lefcheck, Cassie Gurbisz, Michael Hannam, Jennifer Keisman, Brooke Landry, et al. 2017. “Submersed Aquatic Vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: Sentinel Species in a Changing World.” BioScience 67 (8): 698-712. https://www.jstor.org/stable/90011441.
37 Sabas, Matt, and John Marshall Soil and Water Conservation District. 2025. “Riparian buffers on Pohick Farm.” Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/insights/riparian-buffers-on-pohick-farm.
38 (Graziano 2021)
39 Photograph by author, Katherine Franzel, Natural Tunnel, 2024
40 (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1864) shared in public domain
41 (Yale Center for British Art, 1857)
42 Metropolitan Museum of Art, ca 1865
43 (Virginia Department of Education 2018)
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