Resources
Bibliography For Teacher Use
Achieve the Core. “Juicy Sentence Guidance,” 2021. https://achievethecore.org/content/upload/Juicy%20Sentence%20Guidance.pdf. Contains step-by-step guidance for using the Juicy Sentence protocol in classrooms.
Beers, G Kylene, and Robert E Probst. Reading Nonfiction : Notice & Note Stances, Signposts, and Strategies. Portsmouth, Nh: Heinemann, 2016. This text provides detailed information on using the notice & note nonfiction strategy.
Brooks-Carthon, J. Margo. “Life and Death in Philadelphia’s Black Belt: A Tale of an Urban Tuberculosis Campaign, 1900 – 1930.” Nursing History Review 19, no. 1 (January 2011): 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.19.29. This article includes analysis of Tyler’s work and its impact.
Digital Inquiry Group. “Teaching Lateral Reading | Civic Online Reasoning.” cor.inquirygroup.org, 2024. https://cor.inquirygroup.org/curriculum/collections/teaching-lateral-reading/. This site provides free lesson plans and examples on lateral reading.
Flick, Lawrence F. The Contagiousness of Phthisis (Tubercular Pumonitis). Philadelphia: WM. J. Dornan, Printer, 1888. https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-101491545-bk. This is a free, digitally accessible copy of Flick’s 1888 argument on tuberculosis’ infectiousness and can be used for the lesson on Day 3.
Henry Phipps Institute. “An Account of the Exercises on the Occasion of the Opening of the New Building of the Henry Phipps Institute.” Hathitrust.org. Hathitrust Research Center, 1913. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009702417. This includes a historical account of the founding of the Institute and excerpts can be used in Lesson 4.
Henry Phipps Institute. “Annual Report of the Henry Phipps Institute 2 (1904-05).” HathiTrust Research Center, 1905. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044089509293&seq=21. This is the annual report in which Henry Landis and Lawrence Flick specifically express concern about the lack of Black patients.
Jacques, Mabel. “The Visiting Nurse in Tuberculosis: Her Importance as an Educational Agent.” Journal of the Outdoor Life 1, no. 1 (January 1909). https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103070348&seq=155. This is a freely accessible article in which a white visiting nurse writes about her experiences. The contrast in her tone when discussing white versus Black newcomers to the city is striking.
Kamela, Mary. “Cut the CRAAP: Replacing Vertical Evaluation with Lateral Reading.” New Directions for Teaching and Learning 2024, no. 180 (July 8, 2024): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.20608. This article gives a short overview of the research backing lateral reading.
Landis, Henry R. M.. “The Reception of Koch’s Discovery in the United States.” Presented at the Annals of Medical History, March 14, 1932. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d639/61ec5346faf36999a6ab9f9cf557b1eb00ec.pdf. This discusses how Koch’s information was received in the United States and is useful for lessons on Days 3 & 4.
Library of Congress: Teaching with Primary Sources. “Teacher’s Guides and Analysis Tool | Getting Started with Primary Sources | Teachers | Programs | Library of Congress.” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Accessed July 12, 2025. https://www.loc.gov/programs/teachers/getting-started-with-primary-sources/guides/. This site contains information & printable copies of the Primary Source guide.
Mossell, Sadie Tanner. A Study of the Negro Tuberculosis Problem in Philadelphia. Henry Phipps Institute, 1923. This source contains detailed analysis especially of the housing situation in Philadelphia as it relates to tuberculosis.
Pitts Mosley, Marie O. “Satisfied to Carry the Bag: Three Black Community Health Nurses’ Contributions to Health Care Reform, 1900–1937.” Nursing History Review 4, no. 1 (January 1996): 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.4.1.65. This article gives useful details about both Tyler and her colleagues in New York City.
Reber, Vera Blinn. Tuberculosis in the Americas, 1870-1945. Routledge, 2018. This text contrasts Philadelphia and Buenos Aires in their response to tuberculosis and gives a good overview of both.
For Student Use - Lessons 1-10
Afro-American. “How to Give Negro a Chance.” January 29, 1916. This article highlights the relationship between housing and tuberculosis.
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. “About Tuberculosis.” Tuberculosis (TB), May 15, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm. This article summarizes the basic facts of tuberculosis as understood today.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. “CDC Tuberculosis (TB) Transmission and Pathogenesis Video.” YouTube Video. YouTube, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKV8Zn7x0wM. This video covers the transmission of tuberculosis in a student-friendly animation.
Centers for Disease Control. “Provisional 2024 Tuberculosis Data, United States.” Tuberculosis Data, March 12, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/tb-data/2024-provisional/index.html. These are the most recent statistics on tuberculosis infection and death in the United states.
Hemminson, Grace, Scottie Lynch, Nancy Fowlkes Mason, and E. Thomas Ewing. “Radam’s Microbe Killer: Advertising Cures for Tuberculosis.” Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections, October 9, 2015. https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/10/09/radams-microbe-killer-advertising-cures-for-tuberculosis/. This article covers information on patent medicines including sample advertisements from the time.
Higgins, James. “Public Health.” Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, 2016. https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/public-health/. A sub-section of this article highlights the rise of public health infrastructure in Philadelphia. This also contains useful sections on the Yellow Fever and 1918 Influenza epidemics that students could use for their personal research.
Holliday, Timothy Kent. “What an 1836 Typhus Outbreak Taught the Medical World about Epidemics.” Smithsonian Magazine, April 21, 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-1836-typhus-outbreak-taught-medical-world-about-epidemics-180974707/. This article highlights the growth of germ theory and understanding about epidemics prior to Tyler’s career, although this focuses on a separate illness so should only be used if teachers are confident that students will not get confused.
Johnson, Anna V. “Wilmington Round Up.” Philadelphia Tribune, May 5, 1959. This includes Tyler’s obituary.
Manly, Alexander M. “Where Negroes Live in Philadelphia · Goin’ North.” Goinnorth.org, 1923. https://goinnorth.org/items/show/489. This article includes a 1923 description of the housing situation in Philadelphia and its impact on health.
McAvoy Ryan, Rosina. “Settlement Houses.” Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, 2013. https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/settlement-houses/. This article covers the work of the settlement houses in student-friendly language.
Medecins Sans Frontieres. “How the Body Reacts to Tuberculosis.” YouTube, March 20, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGZLkRN76Dc. This article gives a brief animation explaining how tuberculosis multiplies.
Middleton, Daniel J. “Black Nurses of Stillman House: A Bygone but Not Forgotten Settlement Era.” Unique Coloring, 2020. https://www.uniquecoloring.com/articles/black-nurses-of-stillman-house. This article covers the work of Jessie Sleet and Elizabeth Tyler in New York City prior to her coming to Philadelphia.
Philadelphia Tribune. “Patients at Phipps’ Institute Carefully Watched.” January 15, 1921. This article includes a very detailed account of the follow-up work Tyler and her colleagues provided. The Tribune archives are accessible via ProQuest through the Philadelphia Free Library.
Philadelphia Tribune. “Wilmington Jottings.” August 29, 1914. This article contains a note that Elizabeth Tyler was going on vacation!
Sanicas, Melvin. “What Makes Tuberculosis (TB) the World’s Most Infectious Killer? - Melvin Sanicas.” YouTube, June 27, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0Gv96uDctM. This video explains the virulence of tuberculosis in a student-friendly, animated format.
Sleet, Jessie. “A Successful Experiment.” The American Journal of Nursing 1, no. 10 (July 1901): 729. https://doi.org/10.2307/3402348. This first-person account by one of Tyler’s contemporaries describes their work in New York City.
Strickland, Eliza. “Humans Have Hosted Tuberculosis Bacteria for at Least 9,000 Years.” Discover Magazine, October 15, 2008. https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/humans-have-hosted-tuberculosis-bacteria-for-at-least-9-000-years. This article highlights the discovery of ancient skeletons with tuberculosis bacteria.
The Independent. “Sanitary.” January 6, 1897. https://dn720006.ca.archive.org/0/items/sim_independent_1897-01-07_49_2510/sim_independent_1897-01-07_49_2510.pdf. This news article highlights the demand for tuberculosis treatment.
Tyler, Elizabeth W. “Summary of Work: February 1st to October 1st, 1914.” Wharton Centre Records, Box 30. Urban Archives, Temple University Libraries, Philadelphia.: Whittier Centre Annual Report, 1914., 1914. This text is fully reproduced in Fig. 3 for students to read and analyze.
Wilson, Chandra. “Visiting Nurse Elizabeth Tyler, Heroine of San Juan Hill.” New York Amsterdam News. New York Amsterdam News, February 27, 2020. https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2020/02/27/visiting-nurse-elizabeth-tyler-heroine-san-juan-hi/. This article summarizes Tyler’s work in New York City in a free, student friendly format.
For Student Use - Lessons 11-20, Independent Research
Anderson, Laurie Halse. Fever 1793. 2000. Reprint, Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 2000. This middle-grade novel provides an excellent insight into the Yellow Fever epidemic.
Columbia University Irving Medical Center. “Far-UVC Light Can Virtually Eliminate Airborne Virus in an Occupied Room.” Columbia University Irving Medical Center, April 2, 2024. https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/far-uvc-light-can-virtually-eliminate-airborne-virus-occupied-room. A useful source for any students interested in researching UVC developments.
Eastern State. “Virtual Hospital Tour: Tuberculosis.” YouTube, April 21, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eICM-61kKSU. A useful source for students interested in researching tuberculosis or illness and incarceration.
Green, John. Everything Is Tuberculosis. Penguin Group, 2025. Chapters 12 & 13 contain information on past and current treatments of tuberculosis and current issues of access; chapters 20-23 contain information on current advances in tuberculosis treatment in student-friendly language through an anecdote of one patient in Sierra Leone.
Hagen, Neena. “Analysis: Most Schools Meet District Ventilation Standards. Experts Say That May Not Be Enough.” Chalkbeat, February 5, 2021. https://www.chalkbeat.org/philadelphia/2021/2/5/22263040/analysis-most-schools-meet-district-ventilation-standards-experts-say-that-may-not-be-enough/. This article addresses similar concerns as the opinion piece below, that of ventilation in public schools during the COVID-19 pandemic, but from a more objective viewpoint.
Jordan, Jerry T. “Union President: Teachers and Families Deserve Safe Ventilation If They’re Going to School during a Pandemic | Opinion.” Inquirer.com. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 2, 2021. https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/commentary/philadelphia-schools-return-ventillation-vaccines-teachers-20210202.html. This opinion article from the height of the COVID-19 pandemic highlights concerns about ventilation and infection control in classrooms.
LaPook, Jon. “New Air Purifiers Filter at Least 90% of COVID-Carrying Particles, Researchers Say.” Cbsnews.com, October 7, 2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-air-purifiers-particles/. This article from shortly after students returned to school in Philadelphia after the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the function of air purifiers in teh classroom.
———. “Scientists Hope Far-UVC Light Could Help Stop the next Airborne Pandemic before It Starts.” Cbsnews.com. CBS News, April 9, 2025. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/far-uvc-light-pandemic-bird-flu-covid/. This article explains the function of far UVC light in student-friendly language and could be useful for any student researching recent public health technological advances.
McKoy, Jillian. “Nearly Half of Tuberculosis Cases in Prisons Worldwide Go Undetected.” www.bu.edu, June 29, 2023. https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2023/nearly-half-of-tuberculosis-cases-in-prisons-worldwide-go-undetected/. This article highlights current issues with tuberculosis in congregate facilities like prison, and could be useful for any student researching current public health issues or tuberculosis in the modern world.
The Mutter Museum. “Spit Spreads Death.” muttermuseum.org, October 16, 2019. https://muttermuseum.org/on-view/spit-spreads-death. This online museum exhibit highlights the impact of the 1918 flu epidemic and public health measures to counter it.
Peitzman, Steven J. “Typhoid Fever and Filtered Water.” Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, 2015. https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/typhoid-fever-and-filtered-water/. This article explains the impact of water filtration on ending regular typhoid outbreaks in 19th century Philadelphia.
Pruitt, Sarah. “When the Yellow Fever Outbreak of 1793 Sent the Wealthy Fleeing Philadelphia | HISTORY.” HISTORY, June 11, 2020. https://www.history.com/articles/yellow-fever-outbreak-philadelphia. This student-friendly article explains the Yellow Fever outbreak in Philadelphia.
Roth, Fallon. “Philly DSA Is Helping Parents Build DIY Classroom Air Filters amid School Asbestos Closures.” Billy Penn at WHYY, April 25, 2023. https://billypenn.com/2023/04/25/philadelphia-school-asbestos-air-filters-corsi-rosenthal/ This article highlights issues with asbestos in Philadelphia public schools and possible technical responses.
Smarthistory. “Clean Water for a Young Philadelphia.” YouTube, February 29, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u6sbqdQWJU. This short video explains the role of water treatment in Philadelphia’s public health and will be useful for anyone researching typhoid fever or the need for public health infrastructure.
Smilios, Maria. The Black Angels. Penguin, 2023. This detailed book covers the work of Black nurses in a tuberculosis sanitarium on Long Island. Chapters 8 and 10 include vivid descriptions of treatments at the time; chapters 25 and 31 to 35 describe the development of streptomycin, and chapters 43 to 47 include an account of the development of isoniazid. These were the major antibiotics used against tuberculosis.
Technology Networks. “The Race against Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.” Drug Discovery from Technology Networks. Technology Networks, January 6, 2025. https://www.technologynetworks.com/drug-discovery/news/the-race-against-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-394700. This short article explains the issue of drug-resistant tuberculosis and how scientists are responding.
The Science Museum. “Tuberculosis Part Two: Treatments and Cures | Science Museum.” www.sciencemuseum.org.uk, February 6, 2024. https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/tuberculosis-part-two-treatments-and-cures. This site describes past and current treatments of tuberculosis.
Zimmer, Carl. Air-Borne. Pan Macmillan, 2025. This follows the development of understanding of air-borne diseases. Chapters 10 & 11 contain a particularly detailed account of how tuberculosis was proven to be airborne in the 1950s.
Materials Needed
Students will require Internet access and ideally library database access in order to conduct their own research, or materials will need to be obtained and printed or shared by the teacher. Many public libraries, including the Free Library of Philadelphia, allow access to JSTOR or other research databases with a free library card. Large chart paper and markers will be required for the timeline activity on Day 5.
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