Infectious Respiratory Disease

CONTENTS OF CURRICULUM UNIT 25.05.11

  1. Unit Guide
  1. Introduction / Rationale
  2. Student Background and School Demographics
  3. Content
  4. Teaching Strategies
  5. Classroom Activities
  6. Resources
  7. Bibliography
  8. Appendix on Implementing District Standards
  9. Notes

Influenza: Routes of Transmission and Control Measures

Stacy-Ann Morrison Thomas

Published September 2025

Tools for this Unit:

Bibliography

Books

  1. Barry, John M. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History. New York: Viking Press, 2004.
  2. Borse, Siddharth S., et al. “Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza.” In Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century, edited by R. R. Kaul and A. Adams, chap. 3. Bethesda, MD: NIH, 2016.
  3. Lee, W. J. “Common Cold and Flu.” In Vitamin C in Human Health and Disease: Effects, Mechanisms of Action, and New Guidance on Intake, 89–100. Cham: Springer, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1713-5_5.
  4. Modrow, Stefan, Dietrich Falke, Uwe Truyen, and Hermann Schätzl. “Viruses: Definition, Structure, Classification.” In Molecular Virology, 17–30. Berlin: Springer, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_2.

Journals and Reports

  1. Barker, J., D. Stevens, and S. F. Bloomfield. “Spread and Prevention of Some Common Viral Infections in Community Facilities and Domestic Homes.” Journal of Applied Microbiology 91, no. 1 (2001): 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01364.x.
  2. Bean, T. M., et al. “Survival of Influenza Viruses on Environmental Surfaces.” Journal of Infectious Diseases 146, no. 1 (1982): 47–51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828811/.
  3. Gemmetto, Valerio, et al. “Mitigation of Infectious Disease at School: Targeted Class Closure vs School Closure.” arXiv, August 29, 2014.
  4. Grohskopf, Lisa A., et al. “Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2023–24 Influenza Season.” MMWR Recommendations and Reports 72, no. RR-2 (2023). https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/rr/rr7202a1.htm.
  5. Hause, Benjamin M., et al. “Influenza D Virus: A Review and Update of Its Role in Bovine Respiratory Disease.” Journal of Virology (2022).
  6. Hay, A. J., and J. W. McCauley. “The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)—A Future Perspective.” Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 12, no. 5 (2018): 551–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12565.
  7. Jernigan, Daniel B., et al. “Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines.” MMWR. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/rr/rr7305a1.htm.
  8. Johnson, Kathryn, et al. “Implementation Strategies to Increase Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Among U.S. Adults.” PMC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11980457/.
  9. Krammer, Florian, et al. “The Human Antibody Response to Influenza A Virus Infection and Vaccination.” Nature Reviews Immunology 19 (2019): 383–397. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-019-0143-6.
  10. Lowen, A. C., et al. “Influenza Virus Transmission Is Dependent on Relative Humidity and Temperature.” PLoS Pathogens 3, no. 10 (2007): e151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151.
  11. Qualls, Noreen, et al. “Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza—United States, 2017.” MMWR Recommendations and Reports 66 (2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6601a1.
  12. Ruiz, M., A. Puig, M. Bassols, L. Fraile, and R. Armengol. “Influenza D Virus: A Review and Update of Its Role in Bovine Respiratory Syndrome.” Viruses 14, no. 12 (2022): 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122717.

Websites and Government Reports

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Flu Symptoms & Complications.” Last reviewed August 25, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/symptoms.htm.
  2. “Healthy Habits to Prevent Flu.” February 29, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevention/actions-prevent-flu.html.
  3. “How Flu Spreads.” Last modified September 12, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/spread/index.html.
  4. “Impact of Seasonal Influenza Related School Closures on Families.” MMWR. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5850a2.htm.
  5. “Infection Prevention and Control Strategies for Seasonal Influenza in Healthcare Settings.” May 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/infection-control/healthcare-settings.html.
  6. “Influenza (Flu).” Last modified September 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/symptoms.htm.
  7. “Influenza Antiviral Drug Resistance.” Published 2.7 years ago. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/treatment/antiviralresistance.html.
  8. “Interim Guidance for the Use of Masks to Control Seasonal Influenza.” Published September 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/infection-control/mask-guidance.html.
  9. “Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine.” https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/keyfacts.html.
  10. “Key Facts: Benefits of Flu Vaccination.” Last reviewed August 14, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/flu-vaccines-work/benefits/index.html.
  11. “People at Higher Risk of Flu Complications.” https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/index.html.
  12. “Promoting Vaccination in the Workplace.” Archived page. Accessed July 2025. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/flu/business/promoting-vaccines-workplace.htm.
  13. “Seasonal Flu Vaccination for Farm Workers.” November 15, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/season/vaccination-farm-workers.html.
  14. ———. “Seasonal Flu Vaccine Basics.” https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/index.html.
  15. “Treating Flu with Antiviral Drugs.” Published 10 months ago. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/treatment/antiviral-drugs.html.
  16. “Underutilization of Influenza Antiviral Treatment Among Children and Adolescents.” MMWR. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7345a2.htm.
  17. August 30, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/whats-new/2023-2024-study-treatment-death.html.
  18. Delaware Department of Education. Delaware Science Standards. Accessed August 1, 2025. https://education.delaware.gov/educators/academic-support/standards-and-assessments/science/de-science-standards/.
  19. “Red Clay Consolidated School District: Stetson Middle School Report Card.” Delaware State Report Card. Accessed July 15, 2025. https://reportcard.doe.k12.de.us/detail.html#aboutpage?scope=school&district=32&school=282.
  20. Evasion of Influenza A Viruses from Innate and Adaptive Immune Surveillance. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed July 15, 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499814/.
  21. Harvard Health Publishing. How to Boost Your Immune System. Harvard Medical School. Updated July 2020. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-boost-your-immune-system.
  22. Hicks, Robert D. Spit Spreads Death: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919 in Philadelphia. Penn Museum Lecture, 1:03:15. March 4, 2020.
  23. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). “Seasonal Flu – Employer Guidance: Reducing Non Healthcare Workers’ Exposures.” Accessed July 2025. https://www.osha.gov/seasonal-flu/non-healthcare-employers.
  24. World Health Organization (WHO). “Healthy Diet.” Updated September 26, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet.
  25. Influenza (Seasonal). Last modified November 6, 2018. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal).
  26. “Influenza (Seasonal).” WHO Fact Sheets, March 6, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal).

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