Notes
1 Delaware Department of Education, “Red Clay Consolidated School District: Stetson Middle School Report Card,” Delaware State Report Card, accessed July 15, 2025, https://reportcard.doe.k12.de.us/detail.html#aboutpage?scope=school&district=32&school=282.
2 Ibid.
3 World Health Organization. Influenza (Seasonal). Last modified November 6, 2018. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
4 Benjamin M. Hause et al., “Influenza D Virus: A Review and Update of Its Role in Bovine Respiratory Disease,” Journal of Virology (2022).
5 . World Health Organization. “Influenza (Seasonal).” WHO Fact Sheets, March 6, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal).
6 Grohskopf, Lisa A., et al. “Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2023–24 Influenza Season.” MMWR Recommendations and Reports, vol. 72, no. RR-2, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/rr/rr7202a1.htm
7 M. Ruiz, A. Puig, M. Bassols, L. Fraile, and R. Armengol, “Influenza D Virus: A Review and Update of Its Role in Bovine Respiratory Syndrome,” Viruses 14, no. 12 (2022): 2717, https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122717.
8 Stefan Modrow, Dietrich Falke, Uwe Truyen, and Hermann Schätzl, “Viruses: Definition, Structure, Classification,” in Molecular Virology (Berlin: Springer, 2013), 17–30, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_2.
9 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Influenza (Flu)." Last modified September 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/symptoms.htm.
10 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Flu Symptoms & Complications.” Last reviewed August 25, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/symptoms.htm.
11 Lee, W. J. “Common Cold and Flu.” In Vitamin C in Human Health and Disease: Effects, Mechanisms of Action, and New Guidance on Intake, 89–100. Cham: Springer, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1713-5_5.
12 Evasion of Influenza A Viruses from Innate and Adaptive Immune Surveillance, National Center for Biotechnology Information, accessed July 15, 2025, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499814/.
13 . Florian Krammer et al., “The Human Antibody Response to Influenza A Virus Infection and Vaccination,” Nature Reviews Immunology 19 (2019): 383–397, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-019-0143-6
14 World Health Organization, Healthy Diet, updated September 26, 2023, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet.
15 World Health Organization, Healthy Diet, updated September 26, 2023, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet.
16 Harvard Health Publishing, How to Boost Your Immune System, Harvard Medical School, updated July 2020, https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-boost-your-immune-system.
17 Barry, John M. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History. New York: Viking Press, 2004.
18 Siddharth S. Borse et al., “Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza,” in Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century, ed. R. R. Kaul and A. Adams (Bethesda, MD: NIH, 2016), chap. 3.
19 Hicks, Robert D. Spit Spreads Death: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 in Philadelphia. Penn Museum Lecture, 1:03:15. March 4, 2020
20 Barry, John M. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History. New York: Viking Press, 2004.
21 J. Barker, D. Stevens, and S. F. Bloomfield, “Spread and Prevention of Some Common Viral Infections in Community Facilities and Domestic Homes,” Journal of Applied Microbiology 91, no. 1 (2001): 7–21, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01364.x.
22 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, How Flu Spreads, last modified September 12, 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/spread/index.html.
23T. M. Bean et al., “Survival of Influenza Viruses on Environmental Surfaces,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 146, no. 1 (1982): 47–51, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828811/.
24 A. C. Lowen et al., “Influenza Virus Transmission Is Dependent on Relative Humidity and Temperature,” PLoS Pathogens 3, no. 10 (2007): e151, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151.
25 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine,” CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/keyfacts.html.
26 Ibid
27 CDC, “Seasonal Flu Vaccine Basics,” CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/index.html.
28 Daniel B. Jernigan et al., “Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines,” MMWR, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/rr/rr7305a1.htm.
29CDC, “People at Higher Risk of Flu Complications,” https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/index.htm.
30CDC, “Flu Vaccine Safety and Pregnancy,” https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/pregnant.htm.
31Kathryn Johnson et al., “Implementation Strategies to Increase Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Among U.S. Adults,” PMC, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11980457/.
32 Ibid
33 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Key Facts: Benefits of Flu Vaccination,” CDC, last reviewed August 14, 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/flu-vaccines-work/benefits/index.html.
34 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Treating Flu with Antiviral Drugs,” CDC, published 10 months ago, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/treatment/antiviral-drugs.html.
35 CDC, August 30, 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/whats-new/2023-2024-study-treatment-death.html.
36 CDC, “Underutilization of Influenza Antiviral Treatment Among Children and Adolescents,” MMWR, published 8 months ago, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7345a2.htm.
37 CDC, “Influenza Antiviral Drug Resistance,” CDC, published 2.7 years ago, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/treatment/antiviralresistance.html.
38 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Healthy Habits to Prevent Flu,” CDC, February 29, 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevention/actions-prevent-flu.html
39CDC, “Infection Prevention and Control Strategies for Seasonal Influenza in Healthcare Settings,” CDC, May 2025, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/infection-control/healthcare-settings.html.
40CDC, “Interim Guidance for the Use of Masks to Control Seasonal Influenza,” CDC, published September 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/infection-control/mask-guidance.html.
41A. J. Hay and J. W. McCauley, “The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)—A Future Perspective,” Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 12, no. 5 (2018): 551–557, https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12565.
42Noreen Qualls, Alexandra Levitt, Neha Kanade, Narue Wright-Jegede, Stephanie Dopson, Matthew Biggerstaff, Carrie Reed, and Amra Uzicanin, “Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza—United States, 2017,” MMWR Recommendations and Reports 66 (2017): 1–34, https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6601a1.
43 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Promoting Vaccination in the Workplace,” CDC, archived page, accessed July 2025, https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/flu/business/promoting-vaccines-workplace.htm.
44 Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), “Seasonal Flu – Employer Guidance: Reducing Non-Healthcare Workers’ Exposures,” OSHA, accessed July 2025, https://www.osha.gov/seasonal-flu/non-healthcare-employers.
45 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Seasonal Flu Vaccination for Farm Workers,” CDC, November 15, 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/season/vaccination-farm-workers.html.
46Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Impact of Seasonal Influenza-Related School Closures on Families,” MMWR, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5850a2.htm.
47Valerio Gemmetto et al., “Mitigation of Infectious Disease at School: Targeted Class Closure vs School Closure,” arXiv, August 29, 2014.
48Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Key Facts: Benefits of Flu Vaccination,” CDC, last reviewed August 14, 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/flu-vaccines-work/benefits/index.html.
49Delaware Department of Education, Delaware Science Standards, accessed August 1, 2025, https://education.delaware.gov/educators/academic-support/standards-and-assessments/science/de-science-standards/.
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