Annotated Bibliography
Alaska Department of Education & Early Development. Alaska Mathematics Standards. Juneau, AK: Alaska Department of Education & Early Development, 2012. http://education.alaska.gov.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Influenza (Flu) Viruses." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed September 26, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses-types.html.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Reconstruction of the 1918 Influenza Virus." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived October 10, 2018. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/flu/pandemic-resources/reconstruction-1918-virus.html.
COVID-19 Forecasting Team*. "Variation in the COVID-19 infection-fatality ratio by age, time, and geography during the pre-vaccine era: a systematic analysis." The Lancet 399 (April 16, 2022): 1469–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02867-1.
Crosby, A. W. (2003). America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. (the book for by age 1918 pandemic)
Dattani, Saloni, Lucas Rodés-Guirao, Hannah Ritchie, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, and Max Roser. "Life Expectancy at Birth." Our World in Data. Last updated December 3, 2024. Accessed July 13, 2025. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?country=FIN~NOR~ESP~SWE~CHE~USA&v=1&csvType=filtered&useColumnShortNames=false. Archived June 24, 2025, at https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20250624-125417/grapher/life-expectancy.html.
Dey, Samrat K., Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Umme R. Siddiqi, and Arpita Howlader. "Analyzing the epidemiological outbreak of COVID-19: A visual exploratory data analysis approach." Journal of Medical Virology 92 (2020): 632-638. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25743.
Gapminder. "Life expectancy from birth, by country, during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic (Spanish Flu), from 1917 to 2020." Chart. March 9, 2020. Statista. Accessed June 18, 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1102387/life-expectancy-by-country-during-spanish-flu/
Hoseinpour Dehkordi, Amirhoshang, Majid Alizadeh, Pegah Derakhshan, Peyman Babazadeh, and Arash Jahandideh. "Understanding epidemic data and statistics: A case study of COVID-19." Journal of Medical Virology 92 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25885.
Illustrative Mathematics. "Instructional Routines." Illustrative Mathematics. Last modified [or "published"] 2019. https://curriculum.illustrativemathematics.org/MS/teachers/2/instructional_routines.html.
Kaiser Family Foundation, und Peterson Center on Healthcare. "COVID-19 pandemic-related excess mortality rate in the U.S. in 2020, by age group and ethnicity (per 100,000 people in age group)." Chart. April 7, 2021. Statista. Accessed July 13, 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1259041/covid-related-excess-mortality-rate-in-the-us-by-age-and-ethnicity/
Kaiser Family Foundation, und Peterson Center on Healthcare. "COVID-19 pandemic-related excess mortality rate in the U.S. and select countries worldwide in 2020, by age group (per 100,000 people in age group)." Chart. April 7, 2021. Statista. Accessed June 18, 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1259019/covid-related-excess-mortality-rate-in-the-us-and-select-countries-by-age/
King PT, Londrigan SL. “The 1918 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics: The effect of age on outcomes.” Respirology. 2021;26:840–841. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.14109
Lang, M. (2024). spanishflu: Spanish Flu Datasets (U.S.) (Version 0.1.0). GitHub repository. https://github.com/markushlang/spanishflu. ( the data set in R for by age 1918 Pandemic)
Liljedahl, Peter, 1967-, Tracy Zager and Laura (Illustrator), Wheeler. 2021. Building Thinking Classrooms in Mathematics, Grades K-12: 14 Teaching Practices for Enhancing Learning. Corwin Mathematics.
Mackowiak, Philip A. "Prior Pandemics: Looking to the Past for Insight into the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 11, no. 2 (2021): 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/20009666.2020.1855706.
Murray, Christopher J. L., Alan D. Lopez, Brian Chin, Dennis Feehan, and Kenneth H. Hill. "Estimation of Potential Global Pandemic Influenza Mortality on the Basis of Vital Registry Data from the 1918–20 Pandemic: A Quantitative Analysis." The Lancet 368 (December 23/30, 2006): 2211–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69894-3.
NCHS, und CDC. "Number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths in the U.S. as of June 14, 2023, by age*." Chart. June 14, 2023. Statista. Accessed July 22, 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1191568/reported-deaths-from-covid-by-age-us/
Peccia, Jordan and Zhang, Zoe, Personal Communication. "Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 Concentrations New Haven, CT." Last modified April 10, 2024. Yale University.
Pitlik, Silvio Daniel. "COVID-19 Compared to Other Pandemic Diseases." Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal (2020).
Statista. "Coronavirus (COVID-19) deaths worldwide per one million population as of July 13, 2022, by country." Chart. July 13, 2022. Statista. Accessed July 13, 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1104709/coronavirus-deaths-worldwide-per-million-inhabitants/
Smith, Margaret S., and Mary Kay Stein. 5 Practices for Orchestrating Productive Mathematical Discussions. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2011.
St. Louis Fed. "Influenza mortality rates during the Spanish Flu pandemic in select US states from 1915 to 1919 (per 100,000 people)." Chart. December 31, 2007. Statista. Accessed June 18, 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1103622/mortality-rate-per-us-state-spanish-flu/
Summers, Jennifer, Matire Harwood, Julie Bennett, Michael Baker, and Nick Wilson. "Comparing Two Pandemics: A Century Apart." Public Health Communication Centre, March 15, 2024. https://www.phcc.org.nz/briefing/comparing-two-pandemics-century-apart.
World Health Organization. "COVID-19 Deaths." WHO COVID-19 Dashboard. Last updated June 21, 2025. https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths.
* COVID-19 Forecasting Team (Reed J D Sorensen, Ryan M Barber, David M Pigott, Austin Carter, Cory N Spencer, Samuel M Ostroff, Robert C Reiner Jr, Cristiana Abbafati, Christopher Adolph, Adrien Allorant, Joanne O Amlag, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Steven D Bachmeier, Bree L Bang-Jensen, Catherine Bisignano, Sabina S Bloom, Rachel Castellano, Emma Castro, James K Collins, Haley Comfort, Xiaochen Dai, William James Dangel, Carolyn Dapper, Amanda Deen, Lucas Earl, Megan Erickson, Samuel B Ewald, Alize J Ferrari, Abraham D Flaxman, Joseph Jon Frostad, Nancy Fullman, Amiran Gamkrelidze, John R Giles, Gaorui Guo, Jiawei He, Monika Helak, Erin N Hulland, Bethany M Huntley, Maia Kereselidze, Alice Lazzar-Atwood, Kate E LeGrand, Akiaja Lindstrom, Emily Linebarger, Rafael Lozano, Beatrice Magistro, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Johan Månsson, Ana M Mantilla Herrera, Fatima Marinho, Alemnesh H Mirkuzie, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohsen Naghavi, Hasan Nassereldine, Shuhei Nomura, Christopher M Odell, Latera Tesfaye Olana, Maja Pasovic, Spencer A Pease, Louise Penberthy, Grace Reinke, Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro, Damian Francesco Santomauro, Aleksei Sholokhov, Natia Skhvitaridze, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Ruri Syailendrawati, Roman Topor-Madry, Anh Truc Vo, Theo Vos, Rebecca Walcott, Ally Walker, Stefanie Watson, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Nahom Alemseged Worku, Peng Zheng, Simon I Hay, Emmanuela Gakidou, Christopher J L Murray.)
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