Bibliography
Abrego, Leisy J. Sacrificing Families: Navigating Laws, Labor, and Love Across Borders. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014. This book looks at Salvadoran transnational families and how they manage to get by in the U.S, and why some families choose not to migrate with their children. Abrego documents the inequalities Salvadoran immigrants experience.
Associated Press. “A Law Enforcement Surge Has Taken a Toll on Children of Immigrants in D.C. Schools.” NBC News, September 17, 2025. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/law-enforcement-surge-taken-toll-children-immigrants-washington-school-rcna231849. This news report describes the effect ICE has had on immigrants and D.C. schools.
Associated Press. “Former Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández Released from Prison After Trump Pardon.” NBC News, December 2, 2025. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/former-honduran-president-juan-orlando-hernandez-freed-trump-pardon-rcna246968. This news details how President Trump pardoned Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández, who had been convicted of drug trafficking.
Bancroft Elementary School. “Bancroft Bilingual Elementary School.” Accessed July 12, 2026. https://www.bancroftelementary.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?urec_id=319988&type=d. This Bancroft website houses information on Bancroft’s dual-language curriculum.
———. “Our History.” Accessed July 12, 2025. https://www.bancroftelementary.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=319662&type=d. This Bancroft website provides a brief history of Bancroft Elementary School.
Beeman, Karen, and Cheryl Urow. Teaching for Biliteracy: Strengthening Bridges between Languages. Philadelphia: Caslon Publishing, 2013. In this professional development guide, Beeman and Urow explain and define the “Bridge.” They also provide sample lessons on “bridging.”
Bialystok, Ellen. “Bilingual Education for Young Children: Review of the Effects and Consequences.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 21, no. 6 (2018): 666–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2016.1203859. In this article, Bialystok concludes that there are benefits to early bilingual education, finding no evidence of harm.
Blitzer, Jonathan. Everyone Who Is Gone Is Here: The United States, Central America, and the Making of a Crisis. New York: Penguin Press, 2025. In this book, Blitzer documents the causes of the immigration crisis.
Chomsky, Aviva. Central America’s Forgotten History: Revolution, Violence, and the Roots of Migration. Boston: Beacon Press, 2021. In this book, Chomsky chimes in on the immigration debate; she describes how Central Americans fled poverty, corruption, and violence—tying the root of that migration to wars and U.S. intervention.
———. “They Take Our Jobs!” And 20 Other Myths about Immigration. Boston: Beacon Press, 2018. In this book, Aviva Chomsky challenges widely held beliefs about immigrants and immigration. She organizes her book by chapters that tackle common myths. Referenced in this unit is Myth 9: “The United States has a Generous Refugee Policy,” which Chomsky refutes.
———. Undocumented: How Immigration Became Illegal. Boston: Beacon Press, 2014. In this book, Chomsky examines how the concepts “undocumented” and illegality were intentionally created to exclude and exploit immigrant workers.
Coady, Maria R. The Coral Way Bilingual Program. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2020.
This book describes the first publicly funded bilingual school in the United States.
Commission for Historical Clarification. Guatemala: Memory of Silence; Report of the Commission for Historical Clarification, Conclusions and Recommendations. 1999. https://hrdag.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/CEHreport-english.pdf. This report documents the human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War.
District of Columbia Office of the State Superintendent of Education. “Washington, DC K-12 Social Studies Standards,” 2023. https://osse.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/osse/page_content/attachments/Adopted%20Standards.pdf. This guide delineates DCPS’ Social Studies standards.
District of Columbia Public Schools. “DC Public Schools Fast Facts 2025.” Washington, D.C.: DCPS, 2025. https://dcps.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/dcps/publication/attachments/2025%20DCPS%20Fast%20Facts.pdf. This document provides quick DCPS facts on the number of students it serves, the number of schools it manages, and student and teacher demographics.
———. “Dual Language Programs.” DC.gov. Accessed July 11, 2026. https://dcps.dc.gov/DL. Accessed July 11, 2026. This site describes dual-language programs at DCPS.
———. “School Profiles Home.” profiles.dcps.dc.gov. Accessed July 12, 2026. https://profiles.dcps.dc.gov/Bancroft+Elementary+School. This DCPS site shows an overview of Bancroft Elementary School. It includes information such as Bancroft’s location, leader(s), facilities, student demographics, academic, wellness, and enrichment programs.
ELPS Online Helper. “Repeated Reading.” EnablingLearning.com. Accessed July 12, 2026. https://apps.enablinglearning.com/elps-online-helper/reference/strategies/repeated_reading.
This site defines “Repeated Reading” and provides step-by-step instructions for implementing it.
Encyclopedia Britannica. “Maquiladora.” Accessed August 3, 2026. https://www.britannica.com/technology/maquiladora. This encyclopedia entry defines the term maquiladora.
Espinoza, Mauricio, Arely Rosales, and Ignacio Sarmiento. Central American Migrations in the Twenty-First Century. University of Arizona Press, 2023. In the introduction of this book, the authors provide an overview of Central American migration to the U.S.
Garrard-Burnett, Virginia. Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit: Guatemala Under General Efraín Ríos Montt, 1982-1983. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. This book describes the horrors encountered by the Maya under General Efraín Ríos Montt’s regime.
González, Juan. Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America. New York: Penguin Books, 2022. In this book, Gonzalez recounts the history and roots of Latino immigration to the U.S. He connects migration patterns to U.S. involvement in Latin American countries. For my curriculum unit, I primarily used Part II: “Central Americans: Intervention Comes Home to Roost,” which explains how U.S. intervention in Central American countries drove immigrants to the U.S. from the 1980s onward.
“Juan Orlando Hernández, Former President of Honduras, Sentenced to 45 Years in Prison for Conspiring to Distribute More Than 400 Tons of Cocaine and Related Firearms Offenses.” Justice.Gov, June 26, 2024. https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/juan-orlando-hernandez-former-president-honduras-sentenced-45-years-prison-conspiring. This site describes why Juan Orlando Hernández, the former president of Honduras, was sentenced to prison.
Kramer, Stephanie, and Jeffrey S. Passel. “What the Data Says about Immigrants in the U.S.” Pew Research Center, August 21, 2025. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/08/21/key-findings-about-us-immigrants/. This article reports key statistics on the U.S. immigrant population—stating how many are foreign-born.
McMahon, Heather. “The History of the Latino Community of Washington, D.C. 1943-1991: Historic Context Study.” Washington, D.C.: District of Columbia Office of Planning, June 1, 2025. https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/The%20History%20of%20the%20Latino%20Community%20of%20Washington%2C%20D.C.%201943-1991.pdf.
This historic context study addresses how Washington, D.C.’s Latino community formed—highlighting Ward 1 as the epicenter.
Menjívar, Cecilia. Fragmented Ties: Salvadoran Immigrant Networks in America. Berkeley, Calif. Univ. Of California Press, 2006. In this book, Menjívar delves into the treatment of Salvadoran immigrants and describes important aspects of the immigrant experience. This unit referenced Chapter 2: “Background to Migration,” which explains the economic and political movements that led to El Salvador’s history of migration.
Merriam-Webster. “Barrio.” Accessed July 12, 2019. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/barrio. This online dictionary entry provides a short definition of the term “barrio.”
National Archives Foundation. “Refugee Act Of 1980.” National Archives Foundation, August 22, 2024. https://archivesfoundation.org/documents/refugee-act-1980/. This National Archives Foundation page holds the primary document, which defined “refugee” and described who was eligible for refugee status.
Panorama Education. “Bancroft Elementary School Summary: Spring 2025–Fall 2025.” Accessed July 12, 2026. https://secure.panoramaed.com/dcps/understand/3505998/summary (login required). This site provides information on students’ social-emotional wellbeing, behavior, attendance, and school climate. In the unit, I used Bancroft’s Panorama data regarding students’ wellbeing and sense of belonging.
Repak, Terry. Waiting on Washington: Central American Workers in the Nation’s Capital. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. This book explains how women initiated Central American immigration to D.C. as they were hired as domestic workers for foreign and U.S. officials.
Rodríguez, Ana Patricia. Avocado Dreams: Remaking Salvadoran Life and Art in the Washington, D.C. Metro Area. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2025. This book describes how Salvadorans have made D.C. their home, changing the area with their presence, contributions, and culture.
Stanley, William Deane. “Economic Migrants or Refugees from Violence? A Time-Series Analysis of Salvadoran Migration to the United States.” Latin American Research Review 22, no. 1 (1987): 132–54. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100016459. In this article, William Deane Stanley challenges the U.S. government’s classification of Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants as “economic” migrants instead of refugees—arguing that Salvadorans fled in response to political violence during the civil war.
Woe, Andrew. The Republican Party and Immigration Politics: From Proposition 187 to George W. Bush. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. In this book, Woe details George W. Bush’s and the Republican Party’s immigration policies.
US Census Bureau. “New Report on the Nation’s Foreign-Born Population.” Census.gov, April 9, 2024. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024/foreign-born-population.html.
This press release explains how the foreign-born population has increased from 2010 to 2022.
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