Notes
[1] Gonzalez, Juan. (2012) 2022. Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America . Second. Penguin Books. 295.
[2] Schantz, Faith, and Sean Caulfield. 2026. “Report to the Community .” In A+ Schools Report to the Community. A+ Schools. https://www.ourschoolspittsburgh.org/report-to-the-community. 108,
[3] IBO. 2019. “International Education.” International Baccalaureate®, November 20. https://ibo.org/.
[4] Burgess, Ricky, and Daniel Lavelle. 2020. “Black Pittsburgh Matters: Address Pittsburgh’s Systemic Racism.” New Pittsburgh Courier, August 18.
[5] Meléndez-Badillo, Jorell. 2024. Puerto Rico : A National History. First edition. Princeton University Press. 112.
[6] Vaziri, Aidin. 2026. “Bad Bunny Explains the Meaning Behind 64 on His Super Bowl Jersey.” In San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfchronicle.com/super-bowl-lx/article/bad-bunny-64-jersey-21346063.php.
[7] Roth, Wendy D. 2012. Ace Migrations : Latinos and the Cultural Transformation of Race. Stanford University Press.
[8] Ibid
[9] Meléndez-Badillo, Jorell. 2024. Puerto Rico : A National History. First edition. Princeton University Press. 60.
[10] Agrelo, Justin. 2019. “How a Change of Color for the Puerto Rican Flag Became a Symbol of Resistance.” In Mother Jones. Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/media/2019/07/puerto-rico-resistance-flag-black-and-white-flag-san-juan-la-puerta-colonial/.
[11] Gonzalez, Juan. (2012) 2022. Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America . Second. Penguin Books.
[12] Ibid, 66
[13] Díaz, Vanessa, and Petra R Rivera-Rideau. 2026. P Fkn R. Duke University Press.
[14] Ibid, 12
[15] The Business Insider. 2023. “Between 1930 and 1970, around One Third of All Women in Puerto Rico Were Sterilized to Address Concerns of ‘Surplus Population.” Gale Academic OneFile, Newstex LLC, December 28. https://link-gale-com.yale.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A777647841/AONE?u=29002&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=3c71db7e.
[16] Casanova-Burgess, Alana. 2021. La Brega. Futuro Studios, February 24. Podcast. https://futurostudios.org/podcasts/la-brega/. Season 1. Episode 2.
[17] Diaz, Vanessa. 2026. “Bad Bunny Super Bowl Halftime Show Explained: Meanings, Symbols.” In Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-latin/bad-bunny-super-bowl-meaning-1235513218/.
[18] Moore, Robin D. 2010. Music in the Hispanic Caribbean : Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. Oxford University Press. 109
[19] Sanabria, Izzy. 2014. “What Is Salsa?” YouTube. https://youtu.be/DhV5Hf0oHnc?si=PeKooxJIJIjRx-n0.
[20] Rosie, Perez. 2026. “Our Thing: The Birth of Salsa in Nueva York Archives - Futuro Studios.” Futuro Studios. Futuro Media Group. Podcast. https://futurostudios.org/podcasts/our-thing/. Episode 8.
[21] Ibid, Episode 7
[22] Ibid, Episode 8
[23] Gonzalez, Juan. (2012) 2022. Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America . Second. Penguin Books. 348.
[24] Ibid, 357
[25] Ibid, 350
[26] Meléndez-Badillo, Jorell. 2024. Puerto Rico : A National History. First edition. Princeton University Press. 115.
[27] Casanova-Burgess, Alana. 2021. La Brega. Futuro Studios, February 24. Podcast. https://futurostudios.org/podcasts/la-brega/. Season 1. Episode 3.
[28] Gonzalez, Juan. (2012) 2022. Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America . Second. Penguin Books. 305.
[29] Moore, Robin D. 2010. Music in the Hispanic Caribbean : Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. Oxford University Press. 34.
[30] Ibid, 37
[31] Ibid
[32] Hawaii State Data Center. 2026. Native Hawaiian Population in Hawaii: 2020. Hawaii.gov. https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census/census_2020/data/reports/Native_Hawaiian_Population_in_Hawaii_in_2020.pdf.
[33] US Census Bureau. 2022. “Narrative Profiles.” Census.Gov, January 5. https://www.census.gov/acs/www/data/data-tables-and-tools/narrative-profiles/2020/report.php?geotype=state&state=72.
[34] Gonzalez, Juan. (2012) 2022. Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America . Second. Penguin Books. 360.
[35] Ibid, 363
[36] Ibid, 364
[37] Villegas, Richard. 2026. “Why Marquesinas Are More Than Just Parties, According to 6 Boricuas.” In Remezcla. https://remezcla.com/lists/culture/marquesinas-more-than-just-parties/.
[38] Díaz, Vanessa, and Petra R Rivera-Rideau. 2026. P Fkn R. Duke University Press. 104.
[39] Queen, Ivy. 2025. Loud: The History of Reggaeton. Futuro Studios, September 15. Podcast. https://futurostudios.org/podcasts/loud-the-history-of-reggaeton/. Episode 1.
[40] Laguna, Albert. 2026. “Bad Bunny and Beyond: Musical Aesthetics and Puerto Rican History.” Yale, New Haven, CT, July 9. Lecture.
[41] Queen, Ivy. 2025. Loud: The History of Reggaeton. Futuro Studios, September 15. Podcast. https://futurostudios.org/podcasts/loud-the-history-of-reggaeton/. Episode 2.
[42] Stephenson Watson, Sonja. 2014. “‘Reading’ National Identity in Panama through Renato, a First Generation Panamanian Reggae En Español Artist.” The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University), January 1.
[43] Queen, Ivy. 2025. Loud: The History of Reggaeton. Futuro Studios, September 15. Podcast. https://futurostudios.org/podcasts/loud-the-history-of-reggaeton/. Episode 3.
[44] Ibid
[45] Ibid, Episode 4
[46] Meléndez-Badillo, Jorell. 2024. Puerto Rico : A National History. First edition. Princeton University Press. 160.
[47] Queen, Ivy. 2025. Loud: The History of Reggaeton. Futuro Studios, September 15. Podcast. https://futurostudios.org/podcasts/loud-the-history-of-reggaeton/. Episode 4.
[48] Ibid, Episode 6
[49] Cepeda, Eduardo. 2018. “The Story of Luny Tunes, the Producers Who Fueled Reggaeton’s Commercial Explosion.” Remezcla, May 25. https://remezcla.com/features/music/tu-pum-pum-luny-tunes-profile/.
[50] Queen, Ivy. 2025. Loud: The History of Reggaeton. Futuro Studios, September 15. Podcast. https://futurostudios.org/podcasts/loud-the-history-of-reggaeton/. Episode 7.
[51] Ibid
[52] Casanova-Burgess, Alana. 2021. La Brega. Futuro Studios, February 24. Podcast. https://futurostudios.org/podcasts/la-brega/. Season 1. Episode 2.
[53] Gonzalez, Juan. (2012) 2022. Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America . Second. Penguin Books. 343.
[54] Ibid, 306
[55] Ibid, 30
[56] Meléndez-Badillo, Jorell. 2024. Puerto Rico : A National History. First edition. Princeton University Press. 160.
[57] Ibid, 161
[58] Ibid, Episode 4
[59] Moore, Robin D. 2010. Music in the Hispanic Caribbean : Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. Oxford University Press. 76.
[60] Buckner, LA, Linda Diaz, Leah Andelsmith, and Josef Lorenzo. 2020. “Why Puerto Rican Bomba Music Is Resistance.” Sound Field. https://youtu.be/3RGqiGHWDrQ?si=9Gnm7gmeqIBqjg2F.
[61] Moore, Robin D. 2010. Music in the Hispanic Caribbean : Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. Oxford University Press. 102.
[62] Gonzalez, Juan. (2012) 2022. Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America . Second. Penguin Books. 367.
[63] Meléndez-Badillo, Jorell. 2024. Puerto Rico : A National History. First edition. Princeton University Press. 185.
[64] Gonzalez, Juan. (2012) 2022. Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America . Second. Penguin Books. 370.
[65] Casanova-Burgess, Alana. 2021. La Brega. Futuro Studios, February 24. Podcast. https://futurostudios.org/podcasts/la-brega/. Season 1. Episode 4.
[66] Díaz, Vanessa, and Petra R Rivera-Rideau. 2026. P Fkn R. Duke University Press. 150.
[67] Graulau, Bianca. 2022. “Aquí Vive Gente.” Rimas Entertainment. https://youtu.be/1TCX_Aqzoo4?si=zjUeQb1s0w5g3a1e.
[68] Díaz, Vanessa, and Petra R Rivera-Rideau. 2026. P Fkn R. Duke University Press. 150.
[69] Ibid, 59
[70] Gonzalez, Juan. (2012) 2022. Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America . Second. Penguin Books. 370.
[71] NBC Sports. 2026. “SUPER BOWL LX IS SECOND MOST-WATCHED ALL-TIME WITH NEARLY 125 MILLION VIEWERS, PEAKING at ALL-TIME U.S. RECORD 137.8 MILLION VIEWERS ACROSS NBC, PEACOCK, and TELEMUNDO.” In NBC Sports. https://www.nbcsports.com/pressbox/press-releases/super-bowl-lx-is-second-most-watched-all-time-with-nearly-125-million-viewers-peaking-at-all-time-u-s-record-137-8-million-viewers-across-nbc-peacock-and-telemundo.
[72] Harvard Graduate School of Education. 2022. “PZ’s Thinking Routines Toolbox | Project Zero.” Pz.Harvard.Edu, Harvard Graduate School of Education. https://pz.harvard.edu/thinking-routines.
[73] Panjaitan, Nelson Balisar, and Hana Monica Sihotang. 2020. “A Comparative Study Between Frayer Model And Concept Mapping Strategy to Enhance Students’ Vocabulary Acquisition.” Acuity: Journal of English Language Pedagogy, Literature and Culture 5 (1): 39–66. https://doi.org/10.35974/acuity.v5i1.2221.
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