Narratives of Citizenship and Race since Emancipation

CONTENTS OF CURRICULUM UNIT 12.04.05

  1. Unit Guide
  1. Introduction
  2. Objectives
  3. Background Information
  4. Rationale
  5. Strategies
  6. Content Information and Student Activities
  7. Annotated Bibliography
  8. Appendix: Resources for Teachers and Students
  9. Appendix: Essential Standards48
  10. Endnotes

From Three Rivers to Arlington: Mexican American Civil Rights to 1954

Matthew Charles Kelly

Published September 2012

Tools for this Unit:

Annotated Bibliography

The Library of Congress. "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875." American Memory from the Library of Congress - Home Page. http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=226 (accessed August 16, 2012).

Includes the text of the Naturalization Act of 1790 stipulating that only whites could be naturalized as U.S. citizens.

Balderrama, Francisco E., and Raymond Rodríguez. Decade of betrayal: Mexican repatriation in the 1930s. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.

The authors describe the mass deportations of Mexicans and Mexican Americans, including United States citizens, between 1929 and 1939.

Carroll, Patrick James. Felix Longoria's wake: bereavement, racism, and the rise of Mexican American activism. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003.

Patrick James Carroll chronicles the turmoil surrounding the burial of a Mexican American serviceman killed in action in World War Two. When his body was returned to his hometown of Three Rivers, Texas, his widow was denied use of the town's sole funeral home to avoid offending whites.

Cox, Tony, William Frey, and Alicia Cox. "US Will Have Minority Whites Sooner, Says Demographer : NPR." NPR.org. http://www.npr.org/2011/06/27/137448906/us-will-have-minority-whites-sooner-says-demographer (accessed July 15, 2012).

Tony Cox of National Public Radio interviews William Frey, a research professor of population studies at Michigan University also associated with the Brookings Institution, about America's future as a "majority minority" nation.

Cornell University Law School. "United States v. Wong Kim Ark." Legal Information Institute. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0169_0649_ZS.html (accessed July 15, 2012).

This page explains the Supreme Court decision that affirmed the principle of so called "birthright citizenship" in the United States.

Ellsworth, Scott. Death in a promised land: the Tulsa race riot of 1921. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992.

Scott Ellsworth discusses the difficulty in establishing a death toll for the Tulsa race riot of 1921.

Emanuelsson, Dick, and Wilfredo Pinto. "Las raíces y causas de la insurrección y la matanza del 1932 en El Salvador  La Historia Del DÃa." La Historia Del DÃa. http://lahistoriadeldia.wordpress.com/2009/05/17/las-raices-y-causas-de-la-insurreccion-y-la-matanza-del-1932-en-el-salvador/ (accessed August 4, 2012).

Dick Emanuelsson interviews Wilfredo Pinto, a member of El Salvador's Truth Commission on the Genocide of 1932.

Fox, Carol. "Union County Real Estate Talk: The 2011 Mint Hill NC Real Estate Market—Four Facts." Union County Real Estate Talk. http://unioncountyncrealestatetalk.com/post/2731743/the-2011-mint-hill-nc-real-estate-market-four-facts (accessed July 17, 2012).

Real estate agent Carol Fox's blog covers the Charlotte, North Carolina real estate market.

Fox, Carol. "Union County Real Estate Talk." Union County Real Estate Talk. http://unioncountyncrealestatetalk.com/channels/regional_localism/topics/mint_hill_nc_real_estate_market (accessed July 17, 2012).

Real estate agent Carol Fox's blog covers the Charlotte, North Carolina real estate market. Results for the first two quarters of 2012 show improvement over 2011 for the predominant neighborhood zoned for my school.

Fuentes, Héctor, Erik Kristofer Ching, and Rafael Martínez. Remembering a massacre in El Salvador: the Insurrection of 1932, Roque Dalton, and the politics of historical memory. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007.

Historical overview and historiographical analysis of El Salvador's Peasant Massacre of 1932.

González Mireles, Jovita . Social life in Cameron, Starr, and Zapata counties. Austin, Texas: Master's thesis, University of Texas, 1930.

The master's thesis of folklorist and educator Jovita González describes life in South Texas.

Harris, Charles H., and Louis R. Sadler. The Texas Rangers and the Mexican Revolution: the bloodiest decade, 1910-1920. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004.

The authors advance a plausible argument that the race war sparked by supporters of Venestusiano Carranza on the Texas-Mexico border was one element in a successful plot to cut off U.S. and Texan support of Pancho Villa and secure official U.S. recognition for the Carranza government.

Hawkins, Rena, and Melissa Robinson. "2. US Schools are More Segregated Today than in the 1950s | Project Censored." Project Censored: Media Democracy in Action. http://www.projectcensored.org/top-stories/articles/2-us-schools-are-more-segregated-today-than-in-the-1950s-source/ (accessed July 14, 2012).

This report analyzes the results of the 2009 UCLA Civil Rights Project report on school resegregation.

Henderson, Timothy J.. "The Bracero Era 1942-1964." In Beyond borders: a history of Mexican migration to the United States. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. 58-89.

Timothy Henderson gives an up to date overview of population flow across the U.S.-Mexican border.

Hirsch, James S. Riot and remembrance: the Tulsa race war and its legacy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.

Discusses the white fear of an armed black insurrection as impetus for the Tulsa race riot of 1921.

Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools. "Independence High School." Student Placement Boundary Maps. www.cms.k12.nc.us/cmsdepartments/StudentPlacement/Boundary%20Maps/Current%20School%20Year/Independence%20HS.pdf (accessed July 17, 2012).

A map of the area zoned for Independence High School.

Johnson, Benjamin Heber. Revolution in Texas: how a forgotten rebellion and its bloody suppression turned Mexicans into Americans. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.

The book gives a history of the 1915-1916 Texas race war. Johnson contradicts the dominant view in asserting that a "Mexican American" identity arose during this period, not in the decade that followed.

Kaplowitz, Craig Allan. LULAC, Mexican Americans, and national policy. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2005.

The author examines the support the American G.I. Forum and LULAC gave to deportation actions such as Operation Wetback.

Lo?pez, Ian. Racism on trial: the Chicano fight for justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003.

Ian Haney López describes the Mexican American civil rights movement.

McDonald, Jason. Racial dynamics in early twentieth-century Austin, Texas. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2012.

McDonald reports that intermarriage between whites and Mexican Americans in the 1920s was sometimes permitted and sometimes proscribed.

Mintz, Steven. "Plan de San Diego, 1915." In Mexican American Voices a Documentary Reader.. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. 121-123.

Provides the text of the Plan de San Diego plus commentary. The plan called for an army of Latins, Asians ("Japanese") and blacks to carve out eleven states from the United States, killing every Anglo male over 16 years of age.

Mize, Ronald L. Consuming Mexican labor: from the bracero program to NAFTA, 1942-2009. Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 2010.

The authors explore the ties between North American patterns of consumption of goods and services and the flow of cheap Mexican immigrant labor into the United States.

Montejano, David. Anglos and Mexicans in the making of Texas: 1836-1986. 5th paperback print. ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.

David Montejano's history of Texas gives a more politicized interpretation of the Plan de San Diego uprising in South Texas than some more traditional historians.

Nairn, Daniel. "New Census numbers confirm the resurgence of cities." Sustainable Cities Collective. sustainablecitiescollective.com/durbanism/18756/new-census-numbers-confirm-resurgence-cities (accessed July 17, 2012).

Daniel Nairn uses processes census data through a mapping tool to highlight patterns of urban renewal—that is, gentrification—in a number of cities, including Charlotte. None of it is happening in the area zoned for my school.

North Carolina State Board of Education Department of Public Instruction. "North Carolina Essential Standards Social Studies À" American History I: The Founding Principles." ACRE: Accountability and Curriculum Reform Effort. www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/acre/standards/new-standards/social-studies/american-history-1.pdf (accessed August 4, 2012).

North Carolina state standards for American history from George Washington's presidency to the Civil War.

North Carolina State Board of Education Department of Public Instruction. "North Carolina Essential Standards Social Studies - American History Course II." ACRE: Accountability and Curriculum Reform Effort. www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/acre/standards/new-standards/social-studies/american-history-2.pdf (accessed August 4, 2012).

North Carolina state standards for American history from Reconstruction to the present.

Public Schools of North Carolina State Board of Education Department of Public Instruction. "North Carolina World Language Essential Standards: Classical Languages, Dual & Heritage Languages, Modern Languages." Essential Standards—World Languages. www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/acre/standards/new-standards/foreign-language/world-language.pdf (accessed August 17, 2012).

Essential Standards for World Languages for North Carolina.

Orfield, Gary. "Reviving the Goal of an Integrated Society: A 21st Century Challenge—The Civil Rights Project at UCLA." The Civil Rights Project at UCLA. http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/reviving-the-goal-of-an-integrated-society-a-21st-century-challenge/ (accessed July 14, 2012).

This report highlights the increasingly segregated state of America's schools.

Orozco, Cynthia. No Mexicans, women, or dogs allowed: the rise of the Mexican American civil rights movement. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2010.

Describes the genesis and growth of LULAC, the pioneering Mexican American civil rights organization.

The New York Times. "Mexican Newspaper Issues Extra on 'Revolution" of Negroes'. The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F60A12FE39591A7A93CAA8178DD85F428185F9 (accessed August 17, 2012).

The New York Times published this report of Mexican accounts of the "Negro" revolt in Texas.

"The 1914 Lynching Report." Journal of Education 81, no. 7 (1915): 170. http://ehis.ebscohost.com.librarylink.uncc.edu/eds/detail?vid=2&hid=101&sid=62444692-bedf-41d5-ba19-bc3ebd349954%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=ehh&AN=22118496 (accessed August 17, 2012).

The article details 1914 U.S. lynchings.

OurDocuments.gov. "Transcript of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)." Welcome to OurDocuments.gov. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=26&page=transcript (accessed August 16, 2012).

The Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo conferred United States citizenship on Mexicans who chose to remain in the conquered territories. As only whites could be naturalized as U.S. citizens, Mexicans were henceforth white de jure, if not de facto.

Project Censored. "US Schools are More Segregated Today than in the 1950s | Project Censored." Project Censored. http://www.projectcensored.org/top-stories/articles/2-us-schools-are-more-segregated-today-than-in-the-1950s-source/ (accessed July 14, 2012).

This report highlights the increasingly segregated state of America's schools.

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