History in Our Everyday Lives

CONTENTS OF CURRICULUM UNIT 15.03.01

  1. Unit Guide
  1. An Overview
  2. The School by the Avenue
  3. Essential Questions
  4. The Content
  5. Why Public Art?
  6. The Origins of Monument Avenue and the Robert E. Lee Statue
  7. Richmond’s Connection to the Civil War, A Brief Overview
  8. The Other Confederate Monuments
  9. The Politics of Power and Voice
  10. Arthur Ashe, The Man
  11. Arthur Ashe, The Monument
  12. The Planning Process
  13. The Politics of Public Art
  14. Strategies
  15. Activities
  16. The Summative Activity
  17. Virginia State Standards
  18. Bibliography
  19. Notes

Richmond’s Divisive Monuments: A Look into One City’s Debate over Public Art, Memory, and History

Jeanne Callahan

Published September 2015

Tools for this Unit:

Notes

  1. Peter Baker, “Richmond to Honor Ashe Alongside Rebel Heroes,” The Washington Post, July 18. 1995, http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/07/18/richmond-to-honor-ashe-alongside-rebel-heroes/6047f7da-13f9-45db-8149-bae6557fab9e/.
  2. Chris W. Post, “Art, Scale, and the Memory of Tragedy: A Consideration of Public Art in Pleasant Hill, Missouri,” Material Culture 43, 2 (Fall 2011): under “Art as Memorial,” May 07, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23145841.
  3. Daniel Duke, The School that Refused to Die (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995),
  4. “Designing a New Symbol for the South,” Studio 360, August 06, 2015, http://www.studio360.org/story/designing-a-new-symbol-for-the-south/
  5. Ibid .
  6. Jamelle Bouie. “Happy Robert E. LeeDay!,” Slate, January 19, 2015, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2015/01/robert_e_lee_day_some_southern_states_still_celebrate_the_confederate_general.html.
  7. Marita Surken Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, the AIDS Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1997). 44.
  8. Steven J. Hoffman. Race, Class and Power in the Building of Richmond, 1870-1920. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, 2004), 38.
  9. Kirk Savage. Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth Century America. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.) 148.
  10. Matthew M. Barbee, Race and Masculinity in Southern Memory (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014) 19.
  11. Kirk Savage. Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth Century America, 150.
  12. Ibid,131.
  13. “Robert E. Lee’s Letters to his Siblings,” Civil War Trust, July 30, 2015. http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/warfare-and-logistics/warfare/richmond.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/
  14. Ibid, 131.
  15. “On the Lee Monument,” The Times, March 12, 1890
  16. “The Lee Monument Unveiling.” Richmond Planet. May 31, 1890, 1.
  17. “Civil War,” Virginia Historical Society, July 30, 2015. http://www.vahistorical.org/what-you-can-see/story-virginia/explore-story-virginia/1861-1900/civil-war
  18. Katherine Calos, “Civil War 150th: Richmond bread riots were biggest civil uprising in the Confederacy,” Richmond Times Dispatch, March 31, 2013, http://www.richmond.com/news/special-report/the-civil-war/article_faa79410-99a9-11e2-04-001a4bcf6878.html.
  19. [1]A. Cowardin, “Richmond Dispatch,” The Daily Dispatch, March 30, 1865, 1, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024738/1865-03-30/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1864&sort=date&date2=1867&words=Confederacy+evacuation+fire+Fire+fired+fires&sequence=1&lccn=&index=5&state=Virginia&rows=20&ortext=Confederacy%2C++fire%2C++evacuation&proxtext=&year=&phrasetext=&andtext=&proxValue=&dateFilterType=range&page=21.
  20. “The Fall of Richmond, Va,” Civil War Trust, July 30, 2015. http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/warfare-and-logistics/warfare/richmond.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/
  21. Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865-1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, April 23, 197), 85.
  22. Ibid, 158 .
  23. Ibid .
  24. “Stonewall Jackson.” The Weston Democrat. November 08, 1875.
  25. Matthew M. Barbee, Race and Masculinity in Southern Memory, 33.
  26. Ibid, 31 .
  27. Ibid, 25 .
  28. Ibid, 27 .
  29. Ibid, 37 .
  30. Ibid, 63 .
  31. Robert Hodder, “Redefining a Southern City’s Heritage: Historic Preservation Planning, Public Art, and Race in Richmond, Virginia,” Journal of Urban Affairs 21, no. 4 (1999): under “Blockbusting and Public Art,” July 8, 2015. http://www.americansforthearts.org/sites/default/files/redefining%20a%20souther%20citys%20heritage_0.pdf.
  32. Steven J. Hoffman. Race, Class and Power in the Building of Richmond, 1870-1920. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, 2004), 39.
  33. Ibid, 125 .
  34. Ibid .
  35. “The Lee Monument Unveiling.” Richmond Planet. May 31, 1890. 1
  36. Matthew M. Barbee, Race and Masculinity in Southern Memory (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014) 43.
  37. “A Street of Divided Passions,” The Washington Post, July 27, 1990, http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1990/07/27/a-street-of-divided-passions/fbd49979-0e58-4b15-92b3-611328c2560e/
  38. Ibid .
  39. Richard Steins, Arthur Ashe, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005) 3.
  40. Ibid, 4 .
  41. Matthew M. Barbee, Race and Masculinity in Southern Memory, 102.
  42. Ibid,101.
  43. “Biography,” Arthur Ashe: The Official Website of Arthur Ashe, July 28, 2015, http://www.cmgww.com/sports/ashe/about/bio.htm.
  44. Matthew M. Barbee, Race and Masculinity in Southern Memory,
  45. Ibid,122 .
  46. Ibid, 149 .
  47. Ibid, 151 .
  48. Ibid, 148 .
  49. Robert Hodder, “Redefining a Southern City’s Heritage: Historic Preservation Planning, Public Art, and Race in Richmond, Virginia.”
  50. Peter Baker, “Richmond to Honor Ashe Alongside Rebel Heroes,” The Washington Post, July 18. 1995, http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/07/18/richmond-to-honor-ashe-alongside-rebel-heroes/6047f7da-13f9-45db-8149-bae6557fab9e/.
  51. Mike Allen, “Mayor Offers a Compromise: Ashe at Bryd Park, Monument Memorial,” Richmond Times Dispatch, July 17, 1995.
  52. Gordon Hickey, “Statue’s Path Wasn’t Smooth: Debates Focused on Symbolism, Heroes, Justice, Site, Sculptor,” Richmond Times Dispatch, July 8, 1996.
  53. Matthew M. Barbee, Race and Masculinity in Southern Memory,
  54. Arthur Ashe and Arnold Rampersad. Days of Grace. (United States: First Ballantine Books Edition, June 1994) 317.
  55. Peter Baker, “Richmond to Honor Ashe Alongside Rebel Heroes,” The Washington Post, July 18. 1995, http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/07/18/richmond-to-honor-ashe-alongside-rebel-heroes/6047f7da-13f9-45db-8149-bae6557fab9e/.
  56. Matthew M. Barbee, Race and Masculinity in Southern Memory, 161.
  57. Robert Hodder, “Redefining a Southern City’s Heritage: Historic Preservation Planning, Public Art, and Race in Richmond, Virginia.”
  58. Mike Allen, “Monument Site for Ashe Put in Doubt: Council Delays Groundbreaking Hearing Planned,” Richmond Times Dispatch, June 27, 1995.
  59. Gordon Hickey. “Statue’s Path Wasn’t Smooth: Debates Focused on Symbolism, Heroes, Justice, Site, Sculptor,” Richmond Times Dispatch, July 8, 1996.
  60. Peter Baker, “Richmond to Honor Ashe Alongside Rebel Heroes,” The Washington Post, July 18. 1995, http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/07/18/richmond-to-honor-ashe-alongside-rebel-heroes/6047f7da-13f9-45db-8149-bae6557fab9e/.
  61. Matthew M. Barbee, Race and Masculinity in Southern Memory,
  62. Matthew M. Barbee, Race and Masculinity in Southern Memory, 177.
  63. Chris W. Post, “Art, Scale, and the Memory of Tragedy: A Consideration of Public Art in Pleasant Hill, Missouri,” Material Culture 43, 2 (Fall 2011): under “Art as Memorial,” May 07, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23145841.
  64. Mark Holmberg, “Former Governor/Mayor L. Douglas Wilder Tweets into Monument Avenue Flap,” WTVR, July 3, 2015, http://wtvr.com/2015/07/03/gov-wilder-arthur-ashe-monument-weeds/.

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