Race, Class, and Punishment

Notes

1. Philadelphia’s Crowded, Costly Jails: The Search for Safe Solutions. The Pew Charitable Trust's Philadelphia Research Initiative, 7.
2. Samuel Walker, Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice”, 2nd ed., 15-36.
3. Ibid., 80-81.
4. Eastern State Penitentiary Timeline. Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site, accessed July 14, www.easternstate.org/research/history-eastern-state/timeline.
5. Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate, 43.
6. Samuel Walker, Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice”, 2nd ed., 119.
7. Elkins, Alex, Police Department (Philadelphia),Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia Website, Rutgers University, 2016, accessed July 14, 2018, philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/police-department-philadelphia/.
8. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime, 172.
9. Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate, 51.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. O'Neill, 348 F.Supp. (United States District Court, E. D. Pennsylvania 1972).
13. Delaney, Paul. Recruiting of Negro Police Is a Failure in Most Cities.The New York Times, 25 Jan. 1971.
14. Fagan, Jeffrey, Crack in Context: Myths and Realities from America’s Latest Drug Epidemic, November 5, 1997, 6.
15. Schneider, Eric C., Crime, Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia Website, Rutgers University, 2014, accessed July 29, 2018, http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/crime/.
16. Alex Q. Arbuckle, The Bombing of MOVE: When the Police Dropped a Bomb on a Quit Philly Neighborhood, Mashable Website.
17. Stevens, William K., Head of Philadelphia Police Quits in Wake of Furor Over Bombing. The New York Times, 1985.
18. Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate, 59-68.
19. Alice Goffman, On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City, 138.
20. Forman Jr., James Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017, 155.
21. Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate, 159-161.
22. Ibid., 72-73.
23. Philadelphia Homicides 1988-1999, The Philadelphia Inquirer Website, accessed July 29, 2018, http://data.philly.com/philly/crime/homicides/?chYear=1999.
24. Drugs and Crime Facts: 1982-2007 Bureau of Justice Statistics Website, accessed July 29, 2018, https://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/tables/drugtype.cfm.
25. Prison Population Over Time, The Sentencing Project Website, accessed July 29, 2018, https://www.sentencingproject.org/the-facts/#detail?state1Option=Pennsylvania&state2Option=Federal
26. Factsheet: Life without Parole in Pennsylvania, Decarcerate PA Website, accessed August 14, 2018, https://decarceratepa.info/content/factsheet-life-without-parole-pennsylvania
27. John F. Pfaff, Locked In: The True Causes of Mass Incarceration and How to Achieve Real Reform. 127-131.
28. Criminal Justice Facts, The Sentencing Project Website, accessed July 14, 2018, https://www.sentencingproject.org/criminal-justice-facts/.
29. Snapshot of Pennsylvania’s Prison Population, PA Prison Society Website, http://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/4c2da0_df6e7d942e434b9ca32b8e52aebc76ad.pdf.
30. Felony Disenfranchisement, The Sentencing Project Website, https://www.sentencingproject.org/issues/felony-disenfranchisement/
31. Maura Ewing, Philadelphia’s New Top Prosecutor is Rolling Out Wild, Unprecedented Criminal Justice Reforms, Slate Magazine.
32. Brennan, Chris and Aubrey Whelan. Larry Krasner Wins Race for Philly DA, The Philadelphia Inquirer, November 7, 2017.
33. Ibid.
34. Dickens, Charles. The Works of Charles Dickens, Vol. 27, American Notes. New York: Peter Fenelon Collier and Son, 1900, 119-200.