Standards
In the Common Core State Standards for mathematics, kindergarten students should “understand the relationship between numbers and quantities; connect counting to cardinality (11).” Cardinality is the number of elements in a set or group. Connections between counting with addition and subtraction are developed during the first grade. Skip counting using equal sized groups form the foundation of multiplication and division in third grade. After third grade, elementary and middle school standards emphasize counting through measurements of distance, area, and volume. During seventh grade, students learn how to use tree diagrams and the Fundamental Counting Principle. At the high school level, standards for quantity (see appendix) emphasize the defining quantities with appropriate levels of accuracy to model a variety of real-life situations.
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