Manipulating Biology: Costs, Benefits and Controversies

CONTENTS OF CURRICULUM UNIT 18.05.10

  1. Unit Guide
  1. Introduction
  2. The History of Vaccines
  3. The Germ Theory of Disease
  4. Benefits of Vaccines
  5. Costs
  6. Controversies
  7. Content Objectives
  8. Strategies
  9. Activities
  10. Appendix
  11. Bibliography
  12. Endnotes

Vaccines and the Outbreak of Nonsense

Thomas L. Teague

Published September 2018

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Endnotes

  1. Bronfin, Daniel R., MD. "Childhood Immunization Controversies: What Are Parents Asking?" The Ochsner Journal8, no. 3 (2008): 151. Accessed July 13, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096324/.
  2. "Smallpox." World Health Organization. January 13, 2014. Accessed July 14, 2018. http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/smallpox/en/.
  3. "Edward Jenner and the Development of the Smallpox Vaccine." Books, Health and History. May 13, 2016. Accessed July 14, 2018. https://nyamcenterforhistory.org/2016/05/13/edward-jenner-and-the-development-of-the-smallpox-vaccine/.
  4. Leung, Angela Ki Che. History of Vaccine Development. Edited by Stanley A. Plotkin. New York: Springer, 2011.
  5. Louten, Jennifer, Ph.D. Essential Human Virology. Elsevier Science Publishing, 2016.
  6. Leung, Angela Ki Che. History of Vaccine Development. Edited by Stanley A. Plotkin. New York: Springer, 2011.
  7. Ibid
  8. Ibid
  9. Baxby, Derrick. History of Vaccine Development. Edited by Stanley A. Plotkin. New York: Springer, 2011.
  10. "Edward Jenner and the Development of the Smallpox Vaccine." Books, Health and History. May 13, 2016. Accessed July 14, 2018. https://nyamcenterforhistory.org/2016/05/13/edward-jenner-and-the-development-of-the-smallpox-vaccine/.
  11. Baxby, Derrick. History of Vaccine Development. Edited by Stanley A. Plotkin. New York: Springer, 2011.
  12. "Smallpox." Emergencies Preparedness, Response. May 02, 2018. Accessed July 14, 2018. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/.
  13. Harris, William. "How the Scientific Method Works." HowStuffWorks Science. March 08, 2018. Accessed July 15, 2018. https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/scientific-method5.htm.
  14. Author, Contributing. "Louis Pasteur, Spontaneous Generation, and Germ Theory." ZME Science. May 12, 2016. Accessed July 15, 2018. https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/louis-pasteur-spontaneous-generation-germ-theory/.
  15. Fulton, April. "'The Butchering Art': How A 19th Century Physician Made Surgery Safer." NPR. October 13, 2017. Accessed July 15, 2018. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/13/557367840/the-butchering-art-how-a-19th-century-physician-made-surgery-safer.
  16. Pitt, Dennis, and Jean-Michel Aubin. "Joseph Lister: Father of Modern Surgery." Advances in Pediatrics. October 2012. Accessed July 15, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468637/.
  17. "Robert Koch - Biographical." Nobelprize.org. Accessed July 15, 2018. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-bio.html.
  18. Ibid
  19. Stevenson, Lloyd Grenfell. "Robert Koch." Encyclopædia Britannica. May 25, 2018. Accessed July 15, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Koch#ref700442.
  20. Ibid
  21. "Investment in Research Saves Lives and Money." Research America. 2016. https://www.researchamerica.org/sites/default/files/Vaccine Fact Sheet_2016.pdf.
  22. Smith, David R., M.D.. The Promise of Vaccines: The Science and the Controversy. New York, NY: American Council on Science and Health, 2001.
  23. Ibid
  24. Ibid
  25. "Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)." World Health Organization. November 22, 2010. Accessed July 16, 2018. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs169/en/.
  26. "Vaccines Bring 7 Diseases under Control." UNICEF. Accessed July 16, 2018. https://www.unicef.org/pon96/hevaccin.htm.
  27. "Ibid
  28. "10 Facts on Polio Eradication." World Health Organization. March 14, 2018. Accessed July 16, 2018. http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/polio/en/.
  29. "Vaccine Delivery." Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Accessed July 16, 2018. https://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Vaccine-Delivery.
  30. Light, Donald W., and Rebecca Warburton. "Demythologizing the High Costs of Pharmaceutical Research." BioSocieties6, no. 1 (2011): 34-50. doi:10.1057/biosoc.2010.40.
  31. Ibid
  32. Miller, Henry I. "We're Underfunding Research on Vaccines That May Be Able to Prevent Another Terrible Flu Season." Los Angeles Times. January 19, 2018. Accessed July 16, 2018. http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-miller-flu-vaccines-could-be-more-effective-20180119-story.html.
  33. Ibid
  34. Dayton, Kels. "More Federal Funding Approved for Universal Flu Vaccine." WTNH. March 23, 2018. Accessed July 16, 2018. https://www.wtnh.com/news/health/more-federal-funding-approved-for-universal-flu-vaccine_2018040310402149/1097764975.
  35. "History of Anti-vaccination Movements." History of Vaccines. Accessed July 16, 2018. https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-movements.
  36. Ibid
  37. Ibid
  38. Bronfin, Daniel R., MD. "Childhood Immunization Controversies: What Are Parents Asking?" The Ochsner Journal8, no. 3 (2008): 151. Accessed July 13, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096324/.
  39. Rao, T. S. Sathyanarayana, and Chittaranjan Andrade. "The MMR Vaccine and Autism: Sensation, Refutation, Retraction, and Fraud." Advances in Pediatrics. 2011. Accessed July 16, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136032/.
  40. Ibid
  41. MPH, Jonathan D. Quick MD, and Heidi Larson. "The Vaccine-Autism Myth Started 20 Years Ago. Here's Why It Endures Today." Time. February 28, 2018. Accessed July 16, 2018. http://time.com/5175704/andrew-wakefield-vaccine-autism/.
  42. Ibid
  43. Ibid

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