Manipulating Biology: Costs, Benefits and Controversies

Notes

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Antibiotics Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013, 6.
2. Jim O’Neill, “Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations”. The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2016, 4.
3. City of San Jose Department of Planning, Building and Code Enforcement. Fact Sheet. 2016, 4.
4. Abigail Salyers and Dixie Whitt, Revenge of the Microbes: How Bacterial Resistance Is Undermining the Antibiotic Miracle, 2005, 26.
5. Peterson, Johnny, “Bacterial Pathogenesis”, in Medical Microbiology, ed. Samuel Baron 1996, 3.
6. National Institutes of Health, NIH Human Microbiome Project defines normal bacterial makeup of the body, 2012.
7. Yong, Ed, I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life, 2016, 76.
8. Salyers and Whitt, 2.
9. Pia Abel zur Wiesch, Fabrizio Clarelli, and Ted Cohen, “Using Chemical Reaction Kinetics to Predict Optimal Antibiotic Treatment Strategies.” PLoS Comput Biol 13, no.1, 2017, 1.
10. Alexander Fleming, “Penicillin”, Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1945, accessed July 15, 2018, 93.
11. Maryn McKenna, Big Chicken, Washington DC: National Geographic, 2017, 24.
12. Salyers and Whitt, 28.
13. Amy Anderson, “The Process of Structure-Based Drug Design”. Chemistry and Biology 10, no. 9, 2003, 788.
14. Anderson,
15. Anthony Coates, “Novel classes of antibiotics or more of the same?” British Journal of Pharmacology, 63, no.1, 2011, 184.
16. Bethany Halford. “Fully synthetic method can create thousands of antibiotic candidates”. Chemical and Engineering News 94, no. 21. May 23, 2016.
17. Alexander Sulakvelidze, Zemphira Alavidze, and J. Glenn Morris. “Bacteriophage Therapy”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45, no. 3, 2001, 649.
18. Chan, Benjamin, Mark Sistrom, et al. “Phage selection restores antibiotic sensitivity in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa”. Rep. 6, 26717, 2016.
19. Maryn McKenna, 25.
20. Timothy Landers, Bevin Cohen, et al. “A Review of Antibiotic Use in Food Animals: Perspective, Policy, and Potential”. Public Health Report 127, no.1, 2012.
21. Maryn McKenna, 24.
22. Food and Drug Administration, 2016 Summary Report, 41.
23. Committee on Drug Use in Food Animals, Panel on Animal Health, Food Safety, and Public Health, et al. The Use of Drugs in Food Animals: Benefits and Risks. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999, 184.
24. Karen Tang, Niamh Caffrey, et al. “Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis”, The Lancet 1, no.8, November 2017, e316.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotics Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013.
26. Pfizer, Penicillin: World War II Poster Gallery. Unknown Date of Publication.
27. World Health Organization. World Antibiotic Awareness Week Posters, 2018.
28. Daily Mail, “Doctor explains MRSA outbreak in light of Daniel Fells”, YouTube video, 3:04. March 9, 2018.
29. McKenna, 17-21
30. Janine De La Vega. “Scientists in San Jose lab make breakthrough discovery that could”. YouTube video. Posted [March 6, 2018].
31. Bozeman Science. “Proteins”. YouTube Video. Posted [November 12, 2012].
32. RCSB Protein Data Bank. “What is a protein?”, YouTube video, 4:40. November 20, 2017.
33. University of York. “The Mode of Action of Penicillin”. Unknown Date of Publication.