Endnotes
1 “The Basics: Polymer Definition and Properties,” The Basics: Polymer Definition and Properties (American Chemistry Council), accessed June 14, 2020, https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/plastics/The-Basics/
2 Hannah Ritchie, “Plastic Pollution,” Our World in Data, 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution.
3 Roland Geyer, Jenna R. Jambeck, and Kara Lavender Law, “Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made,” Science Advances 3, no. 7 (July 19, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
4 “Plastics: Material-Specific Data,” EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, October 30, 2019), https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/plastics-material-specific-data#PlasticsTableandGraph
5 “Plastics: Material-Specific Data,” EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, October 30, 2019), https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/plastics-material-specific-data.
6 Roland Geyer, Jenna R. Jambeck, and Kara Lavender Law, “Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made,” Science Advances 3, no. 7 (July 19, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
7 Martin Wagner et al., “Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystems: What We Know and What We Need to Know,” Environmental Sciences Europe 26, no. 1 (September 2014), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-014-0012-7.
8 Veronica McGowan, Phillip Bell, and Marcia Ventura, “How Can Students' Everyday Experiences Support Science Learning through Engineering Design?,” Stem Teaching Tools, November 2016, http://stemteachingtools.org/brief/39
9 Jane E. Boyd, “Celluloid: The Eternal Substitute,” Science History Institute, April 30, 2019, https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/celluloid-the-eternal-substitute
10 “Bakelite First Synthetic Plastic - National Historic Chemical Landmark,” American Chemical Society, accessed June 14, 2020, https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/bakelite.html
11 Marianne Gilbert, “Plastics Materials: Introduction and Historical Development,” in Brydson's Plastics Materials, 8th ed. (Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017), pp. 4-8.
12 Susan Freinkel, “A Brief History of Plastic's Conquest of the World,” Scientific American (Scientific American, May 29, 2011), https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-brief-history-of-plastic-world-conquest/.
13 Marianne Gilbert, “Plastics Materials: Introduction and Historical Development,” in Brydson's Plastics Materials, 8th ed. (Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017), pp. 4-8.
14 “Plastics: Material-Specific Data,” EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, October 30, 2019), https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/plastics-material-specific-data.
15 “How Plastics Are Made,” How Plastics Are Made (American Chemistry Council), accessed July 14, 2020, https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/How-Plastics-Are-Made/.
16 “How Plastics Are Made,” How Plastics Are Made (American Chemistry Council), accessed July 14, 2020, https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/How-Plastics-Are-Made/.
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18 “Cracking,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., June 2, 2020), https://www.britannica.com/technology/cracking-chemical-process.
19 “Lifecycle of a Plastic Product.” Lifecycle of a Plastic Product. American Chemistry Council. Accessed June 14, 2020. https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Life-Cycle/.
20 “Polymerization: How Plastic Materials Are Made - Polymerization,” Craftech Industries, November 14, 2019, https://www.craftechind.com/polymerization-how-plastic-materials-are-made/
21 “Polymerization: How Plastic Materials Are Made - Polymerization,” Craftech Industries, November 14, 2019, https://www.craftechind.com/polymerization-how-plastic-materials-are-made/
22 “Lifecycle of a Plastic Product.” Lifecycle of a Plastic Product. American Chemistry Council. Accessed June 14, 2020. https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Life-Cycle/.
23 “Lifecycle of a Plastic Product.” Lifecycle of a Plastic Product. American Chemistry Council. Accessed June 14, 2020. https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Life-Cycle/.
24 “Lifecycle of a Plastic Product.” Lifecycle of a Plastic Product. American Chemistry Council. Accessed June 14, 2020. https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Life-Cycle/.
25 Hannah Ritchie, “FAQs on Plastic,” Our World in Data, 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/faq-on-plastics.
26 Hannah Ritchie, “FAQs on Plastic,” Our World in Data, 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/faq-on-plastics.
27 “Lifecycle of a Plastic Product.” Lifecycle of a Plastic Product. American Chemistry Council. Accessed June 14, 2020. https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Life-Cycle/.
28 “Lifecycle of a Plastic Product.” Lifecycle of a Plastic Product. American Chemistry Council. Accessed June 14, 2020. https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Life-Cycle/.
29 Susan Gawlowicz, "Researchers Study Plastic Pollution in Great Lakes," Rochester Institute of Technology, December 19, 2016, accessed July 08, 2020, https://www.rit.edu/news/researchers-study-plastic-pollution-great-lakes
30 Matthew J. Hoffman and Eric Hittinger, “Inventory and Transport of Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes,” Marine Pollution Bulletin 115, no. 1-2 (2017): pp. 273-281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.061.
31 Alexander G.j. Driedger et al., “Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Review,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): pp. 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020.
32 Alexander G.j. Driedger et al., “Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Review,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): pp. 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020.
33 “Chicago Beaches: Guide to Local Beaches on Lake Michigan,” Choose Chicago, September 3, 2019, https://www.choosechicago.com/articles/parks-outdoors/chicagos-beach-guide/.
34 “Pathways Program Removes 86 Lbs. of Litter from Foster Beach,” Alliance for the Great Lakes, August 17, 2018, https://greatlakes.org/2018/08/pathways-program/.
35 Alexander G.j. Driedger et al., “Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Review,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): pp. 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020.
36 Alexander G.j. Driedger et al., “Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Review,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): pp. 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020.
37 Alexander G.j. Driedger et al., “Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Review,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): pp. 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020.
38 “Microplastics in the Great Lakes: Becoming Benthic,” ScienceDaily (Geological Society of America, September 23, 2019), http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190923164532.htm.
39 Alexander G.j. Driedger et al., “Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Review,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): pp. 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020.
40 “The Microbead-Free Waters Act,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), accessed July 14, 2020, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/microbead-free-waters-act-faqs.
41 Alexander G.j. Driedger et al., “Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Review,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): pp. 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020.
42 Alexander G.j. Driedger et al., “Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Review,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): pp. 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020.
43 Martin Wagner et al., “Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystems: What We Know and What We Need to Know,” Environmental Sciences Europe 26, no. 1 (September 2014), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-014-0012-7.
44 Alexander G.j. Driedger et al., “Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Review,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): pp. 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020.
45 “Plastics: Material-Specific Data,” EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, October 30, 2019), https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/plastics-material-specific-data#PlasticsTableandGraph
46 Ramesh P Babu, Kevin O'connor, and Ramakrishna Seeram, “Current Progress on Bio-Based Polymers and Their Future Trends,” Progress in Biomaterials 2, no. 1 (March 18, 2013), https://doi.org/10.1186/2194-0517-2-8.
47 “Biodegradable Plastic: Its Promises and Consequences,” Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, March 2, 2013, https://sites.dartmouth.edu/dujs/2013/03/02/biodegradable-plastic-its-promises-and-consequences/.
48 “Biodegradable Plastic: Its Promises and Consequences,” Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, March 2, 2013, https://sites.dartmouth.edu/dujs/2013/03/02/biodegradable-plastic-its-promises-and-consequences/.
49 Xiaoying Zhao, Katrina Cornish, and Yael Vodovotz, “Synergistic Mechanisms Underlie the Peroxide and Coagent Improvement of Natural-Rubber-Toughened Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Mechanical Performance,” MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, March 26, 2019), https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/3/565/htm.
50 Michaelangelo D. Tabone et al., “Sustainability Metrics: Life Cycle Assessment and Green Design in Polymers,” Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 21 (2010): pp. 8264-8269, https://doi.org/10.1021/es101640n.
51 Renee Cho, “The Truth About Bioplastics,” State of the Planet (Columbia University, November 20, 2018), https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2017/12/13/the-truth-about-bioplastics/
52 “Engineering Design Process,” Teach Engineering (University of Colorado, Boulder), accessed June 14, 2020, https://www.teachengineering.org/k12engineering/designprocess
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