Annotated Bibliography
“60609.” Stanford Data Commons. Stanford University. Accessed July 10, 2025. https://datacommons.stanford.edu/place/zip/60609.
Data source for median income for the Back of the Yards neighborhood located in the 60609 zip code.
Agyapon-Ntra, Kwadwo, and Patrick E. McSharry. “A Global Analysis of the Effectiveness of Policy Responses to COVID-19.” Scientific Reports 13 (2023): 5629. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31709-2.
Global statistics from the COVID-19 pandemic, including death, vaccination, and mobility over time.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air‑Conditioning Engineers. Addendum n to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62‑2001: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Approved [Date not stated]. Washington, DC: ASHRAE. PDF. Accessed July 15, 2025. https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/Technical%20Resources/Standards%20and%20Guidelines/Standards%20Addenda/62-2001/62-2001_Addendum-n.pdf.
Approved American National Standard values for air changes per hour for living areas in residential development.
Ardasheva, Yuliya, Penny B. Howell, and Margarita Vidrio Magaña. “Accessing the Classroom Discourse Community through Accountable Talk: English Learners’ Voices.” TESOL Journal 7, no. 3 (2016): 667–699. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.237.
Outlines the Accountable Talk Framework and its benefits on getting students to engage in collaborative learning, supporting secondary-level discipline-specific discourse, and the benefits of this approach for English learners.
Arumuru, Venkata, Rajesh Kusuluri, and Dinesh Mirikar. “Role of Face Masks and Ventilation Rates in Mitigating Respiratory Disease Transmission in ICU.” Scientific Reports 13 (2023): 11124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38031-x.
Study on the efficiency of different layers of face masks and different rates of air changes.
Ashby, Ben, and Alex Best. “Herd Immunity.” Current Biology 31, no. 4 (2021): R174–R177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.006.
Defines herd immunity.
“Back of The Yards College Preparatory High School.” US News & World Report. Accessed July 10, 2025. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/illinois/districts/chicago-public-schools/back-of-the-yards-college-prepatory-high-school-154071.
This source provides demographic information for Back of the Yards College Preparatory High School with data based on the 2020-2021, 2021-2022, and 2022-2023 school years.
Björkman, Anders, Magnus Gisslén, Martin Gullberg, and Johnny Ludvigsson. “The Swedish COVID-19 Approach: A Scientific Dialogue on Mitigation Policies.” Frontiers in Public Health 11 (July 20, 2023): 1206732. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1206732.
Analysis that compares the restriction measures of different countries and their death rates during year one, two and three of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Carman, William F., and James B. Mahony. “The pathogens.” Journal of clinical virology 40 (2007): S5-S10.
Provides an overview of respiratory viruses and their historical outbreaks.
“CDC NERD Academy Student Quick Learn: How Does Disease Spread?” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). February 24, 2022. Video, 12:42. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QLgXzyXOH0.
This video, produced by the CDC, discusses the chain of infection, modes of transmission, and some strategies that could be used in order to prevent further infections.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). About Physical Distancing and Respiratory Viruses. Published March 1, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/physical-distancing.html.
Recommendations for social distancing from the CDC.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Air Quality and Respiratory Viruses: Information for Schools and Childcare Programs.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 23, 2025. Accessed July 15, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/air-quality.html.
Strategies to prevent the spread of infectious respiratory diseases.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). How Much Ventilation Is Enough? Last modified October 3, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ventilation/prevention/Aim-for-5.html.
Recommendations on the number of air changes per hour to reduce the viral concentration of indoor air in the workplace.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Signs and Symptoms of Flu.” Influenza (Flu). Last modified August 26, 2024. Accessed July 15, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/signs-symptoms/index.html.
Basic information about influenza (signs, symptoms, duration).
Cheung, Philip C. W. “A Historical Review of the Benefits and Hypothetical Risks of Disinfecting Drinking Water by Chlorination.” Journal of Environment and Ecology 8, no. 1 (2017): 73. https://doi.org/10.5296/jee.v8i1.11338.
A detailed historical overview of global water sanitation milestones.
Dadonaite, Bernadeta. “More than Half a Million Children Die from Diarrhea Each Year. How Do We Prevent This?” Our World in Data, 2019. https://ourworldindata.org/childhood-diarrheal-diseases.
Provides the annual number of deaths from diarrheal diseases from 1980 to 2021.
Dietz, Klaus. “The Estimation of the Basic Reproduction Number for Infectious Diseases.” Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2, no. 1 (1993): 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/096228029300200103.
Defines the reproductive number for a disease.
Excler, Jean-Louis, Melanie Saville, Seth Berkley, and Jerome H. Kim. “Vaccine Development for Emerging Infectious Diseases.” Nature Medicine 27 (2021): 591–600. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01301-0.
A review of vaccines’ past, present, and future.
Forster, Tim, and Mirko Heinzel. “Reacting, Fast and Slow: How World Leaders Shaped Government Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of European Public Policy 28, no. 8 (2021): 1299–1320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1942157.
An analysis of how quickly national leaders responded to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Gest, Howard. The Discovery of Microorganisms Revisited. November 6, 2004. https://www.bellarmine.edu/faculty/dobbins/Secret%20Readings/Historical/Hooke-Leeuwenhoek.pdf.
Overview of the work of Robert Hooke and Anton Leeuwenhoek and descriptions of their backgrounds.
Grennan, Deborah. “What Is a Pandemic?” JAMA 321, no. 9 (2019): 910. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.0700.
Provides definitions of terms “outbreak”, “epidemic”, and “pandemic”.
Hartemann, Philippe, and Antoine Montiel. “History and Development of Water Treatment for Human Consumption.” Hygiene 5, no. 1 (2025): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/hygiene5010006.
A history of disinfecting water sources, from John Snow’s treatment of London drinking water in 1854 to more advanced modern filtration techniques.
Hashemian, Seyed Mohammad Reza, Amirhossein Sheida, Mohammad Taghizadieh, Mohammad Yousef Memar, Michael R. Hamblin, Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi, Javid Sadri Nahand, Zatollah Asemi, and Hamed Mirzaei. “Paxlovid (Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir): A New Approach to Covid-19 Therapy?” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 162 (June 2023): 114367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114367.
Information on the effectiveness of Paxlovid as a treatment for COVID-19 infection based on a 28-day clinical trial.
InformedHealth.org. In Brief: The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), 2006–. Updated August 14, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/.
A detailed account of the inner workings of the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Ingraham, Nicholas E., Sahar Lotfi-Emran, Beth K. Thielen, Kristina Techar, Rachel S. Morris, Shernan G. Holtan, R. Adams Dudley, and Christopher J. Tignanelli. “Immunomodulation in COVID-19.” The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8, no. 6 (2020): 544–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30226-5.
Provides a brief overview of the application for immunomodulation therapies.
Issakhov, Alibek, Yeldos Zhandaulet, Perizat Omarova, Aidana Alimbek, Aliya Borsikbayeva, and Ardak Mustafayeva. “A Numerical Assessment of Social Distancing of Preventing Airborne Transmission of COVID-19 during Different Breathing and Coughing Processes.” Scientific Reports 11 (2021): 9412. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88645-2.
A study on respiratory emissions over time and space that contradicts former recommendations of social distancing.
Iwasaki, Akiko, and Saad B. Omer. “Why and How Vaccines Work.” Cell 183, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 290–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.040.
A basic overview of various vaccines, their historical development and discovery, and what types of new vaccines might be developed in the future.
Kayser, Veysel, and Iqbal Ramzan. 2021. “Vaccines and Vaccination: History and Emerging Issues.” Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 17 (12): 5255–68. doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1977057.
Historical and general overview of vaccines from smallpox inoculation to modern mRNA vaccines.
Kumar, Anil, & Chordia, Nikita. (2017). Role of microbes in human health. Applied Microbiology: Open Access, 03(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2471-9315.1000131.
Overview of some beneficial microbes within the human microbiome, focusing primarily on bacteria-human symbiotic relationships.
Matthews, M. R. (2007). Models in science and science education: An introduction. Science & Education, 16(7–8), 647–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-007-9089-3.
Discusses the use of developing and using models as a scaffolding strategy to learn complex ideas in science education.
Mayo Clinic Staff. “Science Saturday: Antibody Testing, in Pictures.” Mayo Clinic News Network, April 18, 2020.
Provides information and example images that students will use to create 3D models of virus antigens and the antibodies from a host.
Minguillón, María Cruz, Xavier Querol, Andrés Alastuey, Michael Riediker, José Manuel Felisi, Tomás Garrido, Gabriel Bekö, Sascha Nehr, Peter Wiesen, and Nicola Carslaw. Guide for Ventilation Towards Healthy Classrooms. December 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10261/225519.
An accessible guide to indoor air quality and its relation to air changes per hour. The text is student-friendly with ample graphs and images that help enhance understanding.
Morawska, Lidia, Julian W. Tang, William Bahnfleth, Philomena M. Bluyssen, Atze Boerstra, Giorgio Buonanno, Junji Cao, et al. “How Can Airborne Transmission of COVID-19 Indoors Be Minimized?” Environment International 142 (September 2020): 105832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832.
A good resource for information that directly relates to student learning, cleaning indoor air with a variety of strategies.
Morawska, Lidia, William Bahnfleth, Philomena M. Bluyssen, Atze Boerstra, Giorgio Buonanno, Stephanie J. Dancer, Andres Floto, Francesco Franchimon, Charles Haworth, Jaap Hogeling, Christina Isaxon, Jose L. Jimenez, Jarek Kurnitski, Yuguo Li, Marcel Loomans, Guy Marks, Linsey C. Marr, Livio Mazzarella, Arsen Krikor Melikov, Shelly Miller, Donald K. Milton, William Nazaroff, Peter V. Nielsen, Catherine Noakes, Jordan Peccia, Xavier Querol, Chandra Sekhar, Olli Seppänen, Shin-ichi Tanabe, Raymond Tellier, Tham Kwok Wai, Pawel Wargocki, and Aneta Wierzbicka. “Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Airborne Transmission: Science Rejected, Lives Lost. Can Society Do Better?” Clinical Infectious Diseases 76, no. 10 (May 15, 2023): 1854–1859. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad068.
Scientists are pleading with the WHO to communicate to the public the evidence and experts supporting the airborne transmission of COVID-19, but the WHO has dismissed these claims.
Morris, Gary A., and Ryan Cannady. “Proper Use of the Hierarchy of Controls.” Professional Safety 64 (2019): 37–40.
A brief description of all levels for the hierarchy of controls.
Oh, Juhwan, Jong-Koo Lee, Dan Schwarz, Hannah L. Ratcliffe, Jeffrey F. Markuns, and Lisa R. Hirschhorn. 2020. “National Response to COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea and Lessons Learned for Other Countries.” Health Systems & Reform 6 (1). doi:10.1080/23288604.2020.1753464.
A case study on the interventions South Korea’s government took during the early pandemic outbreaks to reduce daily new cases.
Oldstone, Michael B. A. Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present, and Future. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Provides a detailed account of the history of major infectious respiratory diseases and their respective epidemics and pandemics.
Our World in Data. Measles Cases and Deaths in the United States. Accessed July 13, 2025. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/measles-cases-and-death?tab=table&yScale=log.
Data on the number of cases and deaths from measles in the US from 1919 to 2024.
Peccia, Jordan, Alicia Zulli, Devin E. Brackney, et al. “Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater Tracks Community Infection Dynamics.” Nature Biotechnology 38 (2020): 1164–1167. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0684-z.
Study of sewage sludge to test SARS-CoV-2 concentrations to aid in monitoring outbreaks and rises in cases.
Peters, Thomas M., David Rabidoux, Charles O. Stanier, and T. Renee Anthony. “Assessment of University Classroom Ventilation during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 19, no. 5 (2022): 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2022.2053142.
Includes ASHRAE standards for air changes per hour
Randall, K., Ewing, E. T., Marr, L. C., Jimenez, J. L., & Bourguiba, L. (2021). How did we get here: What are droplets and aerosols, and how far do they go? A historical perspective on the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases. Interface Focus, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2021.0049.
A critical view of the intense scientific debate over droplet vs. airborne transmission, historically, with several different occurrences.
Rosenbluth, Teddy, and Jonathan Corum. “Measles Cases Hit Highest Total Since U.S. Eliminated the Disease.” The New York Times, July 9, 2025.
Up-to-date information about the recent outbreaks and the recent record high of measles cases in the US.
Sonnevend, Julia. “A Virus as an Icon: The 2020 Pandemic in Images.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology 8, no. 3 (2020): 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41290-020-00118-7.
Images from the COVID-19 pandemic are to be used to make observations and to develop student-generated questions at the start of the unit.
Sravanthi, Kasireddy, Sattiraju, Krishna Sailaja, Paul, Sheuli, Nihal, N. G., Salunkhe, Salunkhe, & Mane, Shailaja V. (2024). Robert Koch: From anthrax to tuberculosis – A journey in medical science. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.72955.
The article provides an overview of Robert Koch’s work that provided the links to the causal relationship between specific diseases and their associated pathogens.
Statista. “Number of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Deaths Worldwide as of May 2, 2023, by Country and Territory.” Accessed July 15, 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1093256/novel-coronavirus-2019ncov-deaths-worldwide-by-country/.
Country-by-country comparison of total death count from COVID-19.
Sulakvelidze, Alexander, Alavidze, Zemphira. & Glenn Morris, J. (2001). Bacteriophage therapy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45(3), 649–659. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.3.649-659.2001.
Introduction to bacteriophages and their potential use as a therapeutic for bacterial infections, particularly useful for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
Taylor, Luke. “Covid-19: WHO Maintains That Pandemic Is Still a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.” BMJ: British Medical Journal 377 (May 6, 2022): o1144. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o1144.
The source provides an estimate of deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Toussi, Sarvnaz S., James L. Hammond, Brian S. Gerstenberger, et al. “Therapeutics for COVID-19.” Nature Microbiology 8 (2023): 771–786. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01356-4.
Source used for a brief overview of monoclonal antibodies.
Tulchinsky, Theodore H. 2018. “John Snow, Cholera, the Broad Street Pump; Waterborne Diseases Then and Now.” In Case Studies in Public Health, 77–99. San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804571-8.00017-2.
A case study on cholera that explores John Snow’s investigation of London’s Broad Street pump, which was found to be the source of cholera outbreaks.
Ueki, Hiroshi, Yuri Furusawa, Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto, Masaki Imai, Hiroki Kabata, Hidekazu Nishimura, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka. “Effectiveness of Face Masks in Preventing Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2.” mSphere 5, no. 5 (2020): e00637-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00637-20.
An evaluation of the effectiveness of different mask-wearing conditions.
Wilson, Michael, Wilson, Philippa J.K. “Microbes and Infectious Diseases.” In: Close Encounters of the Microbial Kind, 3-48. Springer, Cham, 2021.
Source provides an overview of microbes (not limited to respiratory viruses), how those microbes harm or help their hosts, and how humans can protect themselves from harmful microbes.
World Health Organization. “A Brief History of Vaccination.” WHO: Learn the Story of These Life-Saving Jabs. Accessed July 15, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/a-brief-history-of-vaccination.
A historical review of vaccinations from crude inoculations performed in the 18th century to the more sophisticated mRNA vaccines developed today.
World Health Organization (WHO), Western Pacific Region. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Physical Distancing. Accessed July 28, 2025. https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/information/physical-distancing.
Recommendations for social distancing from the WHO.
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