Appendix
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Table 1. Endocrine Glands, Hormones, and Target Tissues Modified from Medical Physiology--Boron and Boulpaep, updated ed. This resource provides a brief overview of the various endocrine gland hormones and their functions. |
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Endocrine Gland |
Hormone |
Target Tissue(s) |
Function/Effect |
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Pituitary Gland |
Growth Hormone (GH) |
Muscle and bone |
Growth and upkeep of muscle and bone tissues |
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Prolactin |
Breast tissue |
Lactation |
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
Thyroid Gland |
Release of thyroid hormones |
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
Gonads |
Women: ovulation, development of corpus luteum Men: Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone; production of testosterone |
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Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
Gonads |
Women: ovulation Men : Sperm production |
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Oxytocin |
Uterus and breast tissue |
Uterine contractions during child birth and stimulates milk production |
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Vasopressin |
Kidneys |
Antidiuretic hormone; regulates osmotic pressure in the body |
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Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) |
Adrenal Glands |
Controls release of cortisol |
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Hypo-thalamus |
Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH) |
Pituitary Gland |
Stimulates release of TSH |
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Cortiotropin releasing hormone (CRH) |
Pituitary Gland |
Induces the release of corticotropin |
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Growth Hormone –releasing hormone (GHRH) |
Pituitary Gland |
Induces the release of GH |
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Growth Hormone inhibitory Hormone (GHIH) |
Pituitary Gland |
Stops the release of GH |
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
Sexual Glands |
Stimulates the release of gonadotropin |
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Pineal Gland |
Melatonin |
Brain tissues |
Circadian rhythm control |
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Thyroid |
Thyroxin (T4) |
Systemic |
Metabolic rates |
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Thriiodothyronine (T3) |
Systemic |
Metabolic rates |
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Calcitonin |
Kidneys, bones, digestive absorption |
Decreases calcium levels |
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Parathyroid |
Parathryroid Hormone (PTH) |
Kidneys, bones, digestive absorption |
Increases calcium levels |
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Thymus |
Thymosin |
T-cells |
Maturation of T lymphocytes |
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Adrenal |
Cortisol |
Systemic |
Increase of blood glucose and metabolism of proteins; distribution of fat storage |
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Aldosterone |
Nephrons in kidneys |
Excretion of potassium and reabsorption of sodium ions |
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Norepinephrine |
Muscle tissues including cardiac |
Increase blood glucose, vasoconstriction |
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Pancreas |
Insulin |
Liver glucose storage, adipose, muscle |
Causes glucose storage |
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Glucagon |
Liver glucose storage, adipose, muscle |
Causes sugar storage release from liver |
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Testes |
Testosterone |
Gonads; systemic |
Male secondary sexual characteristics; muscle and bone development and maintenance; sex drive; production of sperm |
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Ovaries |
Estrogen |
Gonads; systemic |
Female secondary sexual characteristics |
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Progesterone |
Gonads; systemic |
Female secondary sexual characteristics |
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