Democracy and Inequality: Challenges and Possible Solutions

Notes

¹Richard Kahlenberg, “How Racially Diverse Schools,” in The Century Foundation.

²Tom Lockette, “Unmaking Brown,” in Learning for Justice. 28.

³"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Population 2021," in World Population Review. https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/philadelphia-pa-population. Accessed Aug. 1, 2021.

⁴Fabiola Cineas,"25 Stats Here's How Black People," in Philadelphia Magazine.

⁵Samara Lynn and Catherine Thorbecke, “What America Owes,” in ABCNews.

⁶Coates, Ta-Nehisi, "The Case for Reparations," in The Atlantic.

⁷Janie Tankard Carnock, “The Triple Segregation of Latinos, ELL,” in New America.

⁸Ibid.

⁹Whitney Pirtle, "The Other Segregation." in The Atlantic.

¹⁰Kristin J. Anderson, “Feminists Are Man-Haters,” in Benign Bigotry, 129.

¹¹Peter Greene, "Arizona GOP Hopes to Clamp Down on Teachers," in Forbes.

¹²Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 229.

¹³“Students by Race/Ethnicity,” in the School District of Philadelphia, dashboards.philasd.org.

¹⁴Ibid, “English Learners” and “Students with IEP.”

¹⁵James Madison, “No. 10” in The Federalist Papers, 47.

¹⁶“Declaration of Independence,” in History.com.

¹⁷Cathy Travis, Teacher's Guide for Constitution Translated for Kids. 11.

¹⁸“Declaration of Independence: A Transcription,” in the National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-history. Accessed August 1, 2021.

¹⁹Ibid.

²⁰Cathy Travis, Teacher's Guide for Constitution Translated for Kids. 18.

²¹David Emery, "Did LBJ Advocate..." in Snopes.com.

²²Michael Graetz, and Ian Shapiro, Wolf at the Door, Introduction: 1-9.

²³"Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014," in United States Census Bureau. https://nlihc.org/resource/new-census-report-income-and-poverty-united-states. Aug 1, 2021

²⁴Emma Garcia, “Schools are still segregated...” in the Economic Policy Institute.

²⁵Ta-Nehisi Coates, "The Case for Reparations," in The Atlantic.

²⁶“Poverty More than a Matter of Black and White,” in Inequality.org. https://inequality.org/research/poverty-matter-black-white/. Accessed August 1, 2021

²⁷Ibid.

²⁸“Public School Enrollment,” in The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cgb. Accessed August 1, 2021.

²⁹Ibid.

³⁰“Family Income of Attendees of Private and Public Schools,” in NCES. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs97/97983.pdf. Assessed August 1, 2021.

³¹“Income by Race,” in DQYDJ.com. https://dqydj.com/income-by-race/.

³²Gerald Rosenberg, Hollow Hope, Appendix 4.

³³Richard Kahlenberg, "How Racially Diverse Schools," in The Century Foundation.

³⁴“Tape v. Hurley (1885),” in Asian American Legal Foundation. http://www.asianamericanlegal.com/historical-cases/tape-v-hurley/. Accessed August 1, 2021.

³⁵“ACR-146 Civil rights: Roberto Alvarez,” in California Legislative Information. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160ACR146. Accessed August 1, 2021.

³⁶“History - Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment,” in United States Courts. https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-brown-v-board-education-re-enactment. Accessed August 11, 2021.

³⁷Ibid.

³⁸Ibid.

³⁹Ball, Howard, The Bakke Case: Race, Education, and Affirmative Action.

⁴⁰Ibid.

⁴¹Vinay Harpalani, “The Supreme Court,” in American Constitution Society.

⁴²Ibid.

⁴³Ibid.

⁴⁴Sarah Hinger, “Meet Edward Blum,” in ACLU.

⁴⁵Ibid.

⁴⁶“SFFA v. Harvard,” in the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. https://www.lawyerscommittee.org/students-for-fair-admissions-sffa-v-harvard/.

⁴⁷Ibid.

⁴⁸Gary Orfield, “Schools More Separate,” in ERIC.ed.gov.

⁴⁹Chandi Wagner, “School Segregation Then & Now,” in the Center for Public Education.

⁵⁰Ibid.

⁵¹Ibid.

⁵²Rucker Johnson, “Long-Run Impacts,” in NBER Working Paper Series.

⁵³Katherine Schaeffer, “Racial, ethnic diversity increases,” in Pew Research Center.

⁵⁴Ibid.

⁵⁵Iman Ghosh, “Visualizing the U.S. Population by Race,” in Visual Capital.

⁵⁶“2021 K-12 School & District Rankings,” in Niche.com.

⁵⁷Cathay O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction, 10.

⁵⁸Anastassios Kalandrakis, “Dynamics of Majority Rule,” 1.

⁵⁹Ibid.

⁶⁰Thomas Schelling. "Dynamic Models of Segregation," in Journal of Math Sociology, 143.

⁶¹Vi Hart and Nicky Case, “Parable of the Polygon,” in https://ncase.me/polygons/.

⁶²Ibid.

⁶³Hannan Adely, “Student pitch solutions to racial segregation in school,” in AP News.

⁶⁴Ibid.

⁶⁵Robert Dahl, On Democracy, 25.

⁶⁶Betty Hart and Todd Risley, "The Early Catastrophe." in American Educator, 9.

⁶⁷Muhammad, Gholdy, Cultivating Genius,80, 98, 114, 132, 154, 159-166.

⁶⁸Libby Nelson, “3 maps that show school segregation in the US,” in Vox.com.

⁶⁹“Racial Dot Maps,” in Cooper Center. https://demographics.coopercenter.org/racial-dot-map. Accessed August 20, 2021.