Annotated Bibliography
Bernstein, Simon. Smallpox and Variolation: Their Historical Significance in the American Colonies. New York, New York: Journal of Mount Sinai Hospital, 1951. This pamphlet told the history of smallpox including the story of Onesimus and the origin of the smallpox variolation from Constantinople.
Boylston, Arthur. “Daniel Sutton, a Forgotten 18th Century Clinician Scientist.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, February 2012. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3284295/. This website was clearly written. It was useful to clarify the work and impact of Daniel Sutton.
Downs, Jim. Sick from freedom: African-American illness and suffering during the Civil War and reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. The chapter on smallpox was useful to learn about smallpox during Reconstruction.
Fenn, Elizabeth Anne. Pox americana: The great smallpox epidemic of 1775-1782 Elizabeth A. Fenn. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001. This book was excellent for an overview of the epidemic in North America. There were parts that were not relevant geographically for this unit.
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-06-02-0068. This website was used to confirm the date of the legislation.
“In Brief: The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems.” InformedHealth.org [Internet]., August 14, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/. This website explains the immune system in a clear, understandable way.
LH;, Toledo-Pereyra. “Zabdiel Boylston. First American Surgeon of the English Colonies in North America.” Journal of investigative surgery: the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research. Accessed July 27, 2025.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16546924/#:~:text=skills%2C%20and%20humanity.-,Dr.,class%20performed%20by%20an%20American. This webpage was used to discern a few details about Zabdiel Boylston and his contributions to medicine in the American colonies during the colonial era.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5944868/ This webpage was used to acquire details about the tragic vaccine error.
Marrin, Albert. Dr. Jenner and the Speckled Monster: The Search for the smallpox vaccine. New York: Dutton Children’s Books, 2002. This resource provided a rich history of Edward Jenner, the scientist, and his perseverance to discover a vaccination for smallpox. The book is an excellent resource for upper elementary and middle school students.
Oldstone, Michael B. A. Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present, and Future. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Chapter 4 provided excellent historical information about the smallpox vaccine.
Ranlet, Philip. “The British, Slaves, and Smallpox in Revolutionary Virginia.” The Journal of Negro History 84, no. 3 (July 1999): 217–26. https://doi.org/10.2307/2649002. This article was interesting to learn the role smallpox played at Yorktown.
Rees, John U. “They were good soldiers: African-Americans serving in the Continental Army, 1775-1783.” Warwick: Helion & Company Limited, 2019. A portion of this book was used to learn about Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment. It was clear and insightful.
“Tribes - Native Voices.” U.S. National Library of Medicine. Accessed July 15, 2025. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/220.html. This website was used to glean a few facts about smallpox and Native Americans.
Wehrman, Andrew M. The contagion of liberty: The politics of smallpox in the American Revolution. Baltimore Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2022. This book provided a wealth of knowledge about smallpox about during the American Revolutionary War. Wehrman tells a fascinating history.
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